Team:Cambridge

Imagine that you could make one material appear to take any colour visible to the human eye. Now imagine you could instantaneously change between those colours, even without the aid of electricity. Using synthetic biology with the input of cutting edge materials science, we will open up a world of possibilities where reflectance and colour all around us can be changed in the blink of an eye.

Reflectins are the proteins responsible for giving certain cephalopods their mind-bending camouflage properties [cue appearing octopus]. We have challenged ourselves to express, purify and sculpt these proteins into working optical devices that manipulate light. As part of the iGEM 2011 competition we will deposit the genetic information required for future synthetic biologists to exploit the secret of cephalopod camouflage in an open source registry for anyone and everyone to access. In addition we will be pushing the boundaries of what is known about this material in order to test its prospects as the future of devices such as energy-efficient displays, biosensor reporters and tuneable reflectors.

Bactiridescence - An Overview

Iridescence in the eye of squid Loligo vulgaris

We have two principle branches to our main project; in vivo studies, in which we will be investigating the properties of reflectin protein in live bacteria, and in vitro studies, in which we will be investigating the properties of reflectin protein that has been extracted from E. coli.

In vivo, we believe that we will be able to engineer the reflectin gene such that it can be expressed in E. coli in a ‘properly folded’ state, something that has never been achieved before. We will then attempt to bind the protein to form an iridescent coating over the surface of the bacteria, creating what we term ‘bactiridescence’. If we could then control the colour changing behaviour of the reflectin, this could be a game-changing step for the future of biosensors.

In vitro, we are confident that we can use the protein to make thin films with interesting optical behaviour (including colour change when someone breathes on it!) as well as diffraction gratings, which are virtually defect-free. There has already been an account of similar experiments in previous research, but we will be looking to extend it substantially. For example, we would like to create multi-layered thin films, which more accurately imitate the ‘natural’ arrangement of reflectin in squid tissue, and chemically induce colour changes, in ways that haven’t previously been attempted. These advances are necessary if reflectin is ever to be used in a commercial application.

In addition, we are keen to expand the field of synthetic biology by making:

• Improved software tools. Our new open-source web-based software tool, PyGen, will be used for sequence manipulation and display, also integrating related applications already available on the web (including Gibthon, created by Cambridge iGEM 2010). It is specifically designed to improve on areas in which current researchers find fault with current software; we are conducting extensive research among the international iGEM community to ensure that it is consumer oriented. The open-source philosophy is deeply ingrained in the spirit of iGEM as well.

• Open-source enzymes. Currently, many universities struggle to find the funding necessary to participate in the iGEM competition, or synthetic biology in general. Commercial enzymes are often particularly expensive, placing a severe limitation on research. We aim to create a number of ‘BioBrick’ genes which will allow laboratories to ‘grow their own’; this should prove much cheaper than commercial sources.

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