Team:Brown-Stanford/REGObricks/Characterization

Characterization of S. pasteurii

S. pasteurii

Light micrograph of S. pasteurii ATCC 11859

Moving urease out of the hospital and into the streets is the growing interest of biocementation. At the center of attention is the organism S. pasteurii (formerly grouped in the Bacillus taxonomy) an alkaphilic, gram-positive, aroebic, spore-forming non-pathogenic bacteria.

The function of urease in S. pasteurii is coupled with its capacity to generate ATP. The production of ATP is regulated by a proton-motive force (delta p), which is the sum of the pH gradient (delta pH) across the cell wall, as well as the potential of the member (delta psi). In cells that live in neutral environments, ATP is generated via the proton motive force created by the actions of an electron transport chain. For an alkaphile, the surrounding environment contains too few protons, and leads to a negative delta pH. To combat this, S. pasteurii relies on the efflux of ammonium cation created by urease activity to increase the charge potential (delta psi)¹

Equation to Calculate Proton Motive Force, copyright Whiffen et al, 2004.

Schematic of Urease Activity, copyright Whiffen et al, 2004. ¹

Cell Culture

Cultures of S. pasteurii were obtained from American Tissue and Culture Collection (ATCC 11859) to be characterized in this study. Several different types of culture media were prepared (specific composition may be found in our registry of protocols and media). The cells were found to grow best in the recipe send by Dr. Sookie Bang of the South Dakota School of Mining and Technology, which we affectionately termed Bang media:

By Percentage (m/v)

• 1% tryptone
• 0.5% yeast extract
• 0.45 tricine
• 0.5% (NH4)2SO4
• 0.2% glutamic acid
• 1% urea

By Mass per Liter

• 10g tryptone
• 5g yeast extract
• 4.5g tricine
• 5g (NH4)2SO4
• 2g glutamic acid
• 10g urea
• Optional: 15g agar (for plates)

Notes

• Mix in 200mL of water (without agar) to make a 5x solution.
• Needs to be at a pH of 8.5

Quantification of urease function

Relevant Measurements and Calculations of Specific Urease Activity

Plot of Change in Conductivity over Time

According to a protocol discussed by Whiffen et al, urease activity can be measured via changes in conductivity [1]. Vials of S. pasteurii were grown up overnight in 5 ml culture tubes of Bang media until they reached optical density of 0.6-0.8 (see cell culture), and introduced into a 30 mL solution of 1.5 M urea. Changes in conductivity were measured with a pH & Conductivity Multimeter. The rise in conductivity corresponds to the generation of positively charged ammonium ions from the hydrolysis of urea, make the solution more conductive. Samples of the conductivity were taken every half minute to show a linear increase over time. Specific activity of urease was calculated by dividing change in ammonium concentration over Optical Density @ 600 nm.

The formula for relating conductivity to ammonium generation was found in a research paper “An increase of 1mS in the urease solution is equivalent to the hydrolysis of 10mM urea” (Whiffen et al, 2004.)¹

Qualitative analysis of urease function

I. Urea-Phenol Red Test Plates

To find an easy qualitative method to test for the presence of urease for our attempts at modularizing the urease gene cluster, we turned the gold standard in medical assays: agar stabs containing urea and phenol red. In the presence of urease, the urea is hydrolyzed to generate a basic ammonium gradient on the plate, causing the agar to undergo a colorimetric change from pale yellow to bright pink. The recipe for the plates can be found here

II.Microscope Slide Carbonate Precipitation

RelevantCaption1

RelevantCaption2

As a visual confirmation of the biocementation ability of our cells, and soon-to-be transformants, we turned to microscopy. Under 40x zoom lens, we induced carbonate precipitation on glass plates by mixing different cells (OD 0.6-0.8) and filter-sterilized cementation solution (1.5 M urea and 1.5 M CaCl2).

III.Sand Column

Finally, we attempted to a macroscopic demonstration of biocementation. Upon learning that the biocementation process was of sufficient value and difficulty to warrant two separate patent applications for elucidating the process, we tried to separately elucidate the process for iGEM’s open resource community. Following the guidance of several research articles, we built several cementation columns. Materials and procedures can be found here

Setup of Cementation Column

Unfortunately, construction of a flow-through cementation column was unsuccessful, though we did manage to create surface-layer biocementation on petri dishes. Cementation after 5 days proved sufficiently stiffened enough to resist a scalpel. Disappointment aside, we learned that it had taken the researchers over six years to master the process, and that we went against high odds to replicate it in three months.

Two Dimensional Cementation of Lunar Regolith Simulant

As compensation for our plight, one of the visiting researchers with a pending patent allowed us fly one of the real cemented bricks in our weather-balloon trip to the edge of the world, to see how the drastic reductions in temperature and pressure will affect the brick and bacteria.

Preflight CT Scan of Biocemented Brick

IV. Survival in Extremophile conditions- Balloon Launches

Working at NASA Ames, we had the good fortune of meeting Jack Cackler, who was trying to prototype small balloon launches to the stratosphere. Located at 10 to 50 kilometers above the ground, the stratosphere has conditions that are out of this world: a temperature range of -56 to -3 degrees C (it actually increases as you ascend, from chemical synthesis of ), and atmosphere 0.001 of that of earth’s sea level. To take advantage of this rare opportunity, we prepared two dried samples of S. pasteurii to be sent up in the balloon, to test the ability of the bacteria to withstand the extremes in temperature, depressurization and radiation bombardment.

Materials for the Stratospheric Balloon Flight

Thorough Protocols for the preparation can be found here: Preparation of Samples for Balloon Flight

Our balloon went up to 80,000 ft (24 kilometers), from which the curvature of the earth was visible.

Qualitative Survival Analysis after Balloon Flight

Qualitative Survival Analysis after Balloon Flight

Unfortunately, our S. pasteurii cargo, as well as all other cargo, did not survive the first flight. During our second flight (accompanied by the BBC ), we prepared the S. pasteurii inside Whirlpak bags (http://www.enasco.com/c/whirlpak/Whirl-Pak%26%23174%3B+Bags/). Surprisingly enough, upon retrieval,the the samples inside the Whirlpak bags exhibited urease activity! The ones inside the bags did not, though mysteriously enough the both samples grew back on Bang media plates in seemingly equal quantities. Further experimentation must be done to ascertain the exact nature of the survival.

Our original grand plan was to have one final balloon flight, after our transformation of S. pasteurii with Newcastle 2009’s sporulation regulation gene, to see if induced sporulation could have increase the percentage of survivors. Unfortunately, difficulties in transforming S. pasteurii put this this plan on the backburner.

Go on to see our attempts at Transformation here--->

References

¹ Whiffen, V. S. Microbial CaCO3 Precipitation for the Production of Biocement. Science and Engineering, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Perth, Western Australia, Murdoch University. Ph.D. thesis.]]