Mars BioTools: Synthetic Biology for Space Exploration

One of the major challenges of space exploration is the limited payload mass that can be launched on a rocket and the difficulty of resupply mid-mission. Any long term settlement will require more resources than astronauts can initially bring with them. Synthetic Biology has the potential to revolutionize space exploration and settlement. Biological tools have a major advantage over classical tools: the ability to self-replicate and regenerate.

The emerging field of Synthetic Biology will allow us to engineer microbial factories that will largely circumvent the limiting payload factors. These cellular factories will generate fuel, food, medicines and building materials for settlers, but will consist of engineered cells that could be stored in a single test tube, and regrown to production scale on-site, as needed.

The Brown-Stanford iGEM team is excited to work on three different projects, under the common theme of developing Synthetic Biology applications for space. In addition, as a response to the ethical and philosophical considerations, we interviewed prominent researchers and leaders in the field. Click on the astronaut in the corner to view our series.

Executive Summary

Scientific Advancements

Biobricked a biobricker

Successful transformants on urease test plates.

We successfully PCR cloned a 10.7 kb functional urease cassette from the plasmid pBU11, whose genetic sequence has hitherto never been known before. We ligated it onto a backbone, and successfully made a standard BioBrick, characterizing its function and demonstrating active urease activity. Urease is the catalyst behind the phenomenon known as biocement, which is able to fuse sand into bricks, using nothing more than calcium ions and urea. about urease.

Biobrick part [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K656013 BBa_K656013] has been submitted to the Registry of Standardized Parts. The sequence of this cassette is unavailable because it currently does not exist in any known registry. At the time of this writing, it is currently being sequenced in the lab of Dr. Chris Mason at Weill Cornell Medical College. As soon as the sequence is available, we will supplement the directory listing.

Cyanobacteria Transformation

Transformed Anabaena showing GFP fluorescence

We successfully transformed our cyanobacterial chassis, Anabaena PCC 7120, with our designed PowerCell genetic construct. Unlike more common cyanobacteria species such as Synechocystis PCC 6803 or Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, Anabaena is not naturally competent and does not easily uptake foreign DNA.

We performed a complicated triparental conjugation in order to bypass the natural barriers to transformation, and demonstrated successful expression of our construct with visualization of our GFP reporter.

Stratospheric Balloon Flight

We launched samples of our bacteria to the far edge of space (80,000 ft-110,000 ft) to test for their ability to survive a simulation of harsh environmental conditions. Read about our escapades here

Advancements in Human Practices

Feature on Synthetic Biology and Space

We talked with key figures in science and science policy about the implications of human expansion into space, extraterrestrial life and synthetic biology. You can look at our interviews and findings here or by clicking on the astronaut on the upper left!

Education and Publicity

Editor's Choice! x2

Lunar Science Poster. Click to see full version.

We educated and publicized the power of synthetic biology in a whole suite of venues and mediums, including

• A crowd of 600+ over two days at Maker Faire NYC, resulting in two Editor’s Choice blue ribbons!
• A filming opportunity with the BBC Horizon, to be featured in a documentary on NASA’s Initiative in Synthetic Biology
• Verbal presentations to NASA Administrator Charlie Bolden, NASA Ames Research Center Director Pete Worden, and writer and visionary Stewart Brand
• A poster presentation at NASA’s Lunar Science Forum
• A heart-pounding poem at the first-ever SB5.0 Synbio Slam

Outreach and Collaboration

We spearheaded the largest collaborative effort in iGEM history to change the way we do outreach, creating [http://openwetware.org/wiki/IGEM_Outreach CommunityBricks], a database of valuable teaching plans, presentations, community resources and projects for young and old alike.

Alumni and Community-Building

We built the [http://alumni.brownigem.com first iGEM Alumni Network,] to provide iGEM'ers a growing collection of professional and social resources and keep the spirit of iGEM alive post-Jamborees.

Martian Colony

News

In the Lab

August 4^th, 2011

June 7^th, 2011