Team:Edinburgh

A biorefinery is a special type of refinery in which biomass, such as plant cellulose, is converted by microorganisms into useful products. Edinburgh's 2011 iGEM project is a feasibility study into the creation of biorefineries and whether they can be improved by arranging for the different enzymes involved to be in close proximity to each other.

Synergy

In many applications, several enzymes are needed to produce the desired product. And it is often the case that these enzymes work synergistically; meaning their efficiency is increased if they are in close proximity.

Last year, Slovenia found a way to achieve synergy in the periplasm. This year, Edinburgh is focusing on achieving synergy outside the cell.

We will create microscopic bioreactors, which we define as scaffolds holding various enzymes which carry out reactions in the extracellular environment. Our hope is that, by combining the activity of multiple enzymes in a small space, high efficiency will be achieved. Several systems are being investigated:

Cell surface display

• The simplest system uses E. coli bacteria as the scaffold. Each bacterium generates several enzymes and displays them on its outer membrane.

Phage display

• A more radical proposal involves use M13 phage as the scaffold, and attaching enzymes by phage-display techniques to the pVIII coat protein.

Biorefinery

Our feasibility study looks at more than simply the low-level biology. We also examine the engineering aspects of the creation of biorefineries, and the political and social implications.