Team:Bielefeld-Germany/Results/S-Layer

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SgsE from Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a

Purification of SgsE fusion protein

As seen in the analysis of the cultivations with expression of SgsE | mCitrine fusion proteins, these proteins form inclusion bodies in E. coli. Inclusion bodies have the advantage that they are relatively easy to clean-up and are resistant to proteases. So the first purification step is to solve and set-free the inclusion bodies. This step is followed by two filtrations (300 kDa UF and 100 kDa DF/UF) to further concentrate and purify the S-layer proteins. After the filtrations, the remaining protein solution is dialized against ddH2O for 18 h at 4 °C in the dark. The dialysis leads to a precipitation of the water-insoluble proteins. After centrifugation of the dialysate the water-soluble S-layer monomers remain in the supernatant and can be used for recrystallization experiments.

The fluorescence of the collected fractions of this purification strategy is shown in the following figure A:

Fig. A: Fluorescence of collected fractions during purification of <partinfo>K525305</partinfo> fusion protein.

A lot of protein is lost during the purification especially after centrifugation steps. The fluorescence in the urea containing fractions is lowered due to denaturation of the fluorescent protein. Some fluorescence could be regenerated by the recrystallization in HBSS. This purification strategy is very simple and can be carried out by nearly everyone in any lab being one first step to enable real do it yourself nanobiotechnology.


Final purification strategy

Scheme of purification strategy for SgsE (fusion) proteins:

Bielefeld-Germany2011-305 405-Aufreinigung symbol.png

First, SgsE is expressed in E. coli under the control of a T7 / lac promoter for separation of growth and production phase due to metabolic stress of the S-layer expression. Because the SgsE protein is forming inclusion bodies in E. coli, an inclusion body purification with urea follows the cell lysis. The S-layers are further concentrated and purified by two ultrafiltration / diafiltration steps (300 kDa and 100 kDa) and afterwards dialysed against water leading to the precipitation of water-insoluble proteins. The supernatant contains the monomeric SgsE solution.

Click for detailed information

Immobilization behaviour

After purification, solutions of monomeric SgsE S-layer proteins can be recrystallized and immobilized on silicon dioxide beads in HBSS (Hank's buffered saline solution). After the recrystallization procedure the beads are washed with and stored in ddH2O at 4 °C in the dark. The fluorescence of the collected fractions of a recrystallization experiment with <partinfo>K525305</partinfo> are shown in fig. X. 100 mg beads were coated with 100 µg of protein. The figure shows, that not all of the protein is immobilized on the beads (supernatant fraction) but the immobilization is pretty stable (very low fluorescence in the wash). After the immobilization, the beads show a high fluorescence indicating the binding of the SgsE | mCitrine fusion protein.

Fig. X: Measured fluorescence of collected fractions of immobilization of purified <partinfo>K525305</partinfo> on silica dioxide beads (n = 3, 100 mg mL-1 SiO2, time of recrystallization: 4 h).


Optimal bead to protein ratio for immobilization

To determine the optimal ratio of silica beads to protein for immobilization, the degree of clearance ϕC in the supernatant is calculated and plotted against the concentration of silica beads used in the accordant immobilization experiment (compare fig. A):


Bielefeld-Germany2011-degreeofclearanceformula.png
(2)


The data was collected in three indipendent experiments. The fluorescence of the samples was measured in the supernatant of the immobilization experiment after centrifuging the silica beads. The fluorescence of the control was measured in a sample which was treated exactly like the others but no silica beads were added. 100 µg protein was used for one immobilization experiment. The data was fitted with a sigmoidal dose-response function of the form


Bielefeld Doseresponse fit.jpg
(3)


with the Hill coefficient p, the bottom asymptote A1, the top asymptote A2 and the switch point log(x0) (R² = 0.874).

The fit indicates that a good silica concentration for 100 µg of protein is 150 - 200 mg mL-1. This set-up leads to saturated beads with low waste of protein. So a good protein / bead ratio to work with is 5 - 7 * 10-4.


Fig. A: Degree of clearance of the fluorescence in the supernatant plotted against the concentration of silicium dioxide beads used to immobilize <partinfo>K525305</partinfo> (n = 3). Data is fitted with dose-reponse function (R² = 0.874).


SbpA from Lysinbacillus sphaericus CCM 2177

Purification of SbpA fusion protein

As seen in the analysis of the cultivations with expression of SbpA | mCitrine fusion proteins, these proteins form inclusion bodies in E. coli. Inclusion bodies have the advantage that they are relatively easy to clean-up and are resistant to proteases. So the first purification step is to solve and set-free the inclusion bodies. This step is followed by two filtrations (300 kDa UF and 100 kDa DF/UF) to further concentrate and purify the S-layer proteins. After the filtrations, the remaining protein solution is dialized against ddH2 for 18 h at 4 °C in the dark. The dialysis leads to a precipitation of the water-insoluble proteins. After centrifugation of the dialysate the water-soluble S-layer monomers remain in the supernatant and can be used for recrystallization experiments.

The fluorescence of some collected, important fractions of this purification strategy is shown in the following figure A:

Fig. A: Fluorescence of collected fractions during purification of <partinfo>K525405</partinfo> fusion protein. Abbreviations: pell.: pellet, s.n.: supernatant, ret.: retentate, perm.: permeate.

A lot of protein is lost during the purification especially after centrifugation steps (compared to filtrations). The fluorescence in the urea containing fractions is lowered due to denaturation of the fluorescent protein. This purification strategy is very simple and can be carried out by nearly everyone in any lab being one first step to enable real do it yourself nanobiotechnology.


Final purification strategy

Scheme of purification strategy for SbpA (fusion) proteins:

Bielefeld-Germany2011-305 405-Aufreinigung symbol.png

First, SbpA is expressed in E. coli under the control of a T7 / lac promoter for separation of growth and production phase due to metabolic stress of the S-layer expression. Because the SbpA protein is forming inclusion bodies in E. coli, an inclusion body purification with urea follows the cell lysis. The S-layers are further concentrated and purified by two ultrafiltration / diafiltration steps (300 kDa and 100 kDa) and afterwards dialysed against water leading to the precipitation of water-insoluble proteins. The supernatant contains the monomeric SbpA solution.

Click for detailed information


Immobilization behaviour

After purification, solutions of monomeric SbpA S-layer proteins can be recrystallized and immobilized on silicon dioxide beads in recrystallization buffer (0.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 9, 10 mM CaCl2). After the recrystallization procedure the beads are washed with and stored in ddH2O at 4 °C in the dark. The fluorescence of the collected fractions of a recrystallization experiment with <partinfo>K525405</partinfo> are shown in fig. X. 100 mg beads were coated with 100 µg of protein. The figure shows, that not all of the protein is immobilized on the beads (supernatant fraction) but the immobilization is pretty stable (very low fluorescence in the wash). After the immobilization, the beads show a high fluorescence indicating the binding of the SbpA | mCitrine fusion protein.

Fig. X: Measured fluorescence of collected fractions of immobilization of purified <partinfo>K525405</partinfo> on silica dioxide beads (n = 3, 100 mg mL-1 SiO2, time of recrystallization: 4 h).


Optimal bead to protein ratio for immobilization

To determine the optimal ratio of silica beads to protein for immobilization, the degree of clearance ϕC in the supernatant is calculated and plotted against the concentration of silica beads used in the accordant immobilization experiment (compare fig. A):


Bielefeld-Germany2011-degreeofclearanceformula.png
(2)


The data was collected in three indipendent experiments. The fluorescence of the samples was measured in the supernatant of the immobilization experiment after centrifuging the silica beads. The fluorescence of the control was measured in a sample which was treated exactly like the others but no silica beads were added. 100 µg protein was used for one immobilization experiment. The data was fitted with a sigmoidal dose-response function of the form


Bielefeld Doseresponse fit.jpg
(3)


with the Hill coefficient p, the bottom asymptote A1, the top asymptote A2 and the switch point log(x0) (R² = 0.997).

The fit indicates that a good silica concentration for 100 µg of protein is 200 - 250 mg mL-1. This set-up leads to saturated beads with low waste of protein. So a good protein / bead ratio to work with is 7 - 9 * 10-4.


Fig. A: Degree of clearance of the fluorescence in the supernatant plotted against the concentration of silicium dioxide beads used to immobilize <partinfo>K525405</partinfo> (n = 3). Data is fitted with dose-reponse function (R² = 0.997).

CspB from Brevibacterium flavum

CspB with TAT-sequence and lipid anchor

Cultivation and protein expression

For characterization CspB [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K525121 (K525121)] gen was fused with a monomeric RFP [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_E1010 (BBa_E1010)] using Gibson assembly.

The CspB|mRFP fusion protein was overexpressed in E. coli KRX after induction of T7 polymerase by supplementation of 0,1 % L-rhamnose using the autoinduction protocol.

Figure X:
Figure X:

Identification and localisation

After cultivation the CspB|mRFP fusion protein has to be localized in E. coli KRX. Therefor a part of the produced biomass was mechanically disrupted and the resulting lysat was wahed with ddH2O. From the other part the periplasm was isolated. The existance of fluorescene in the periplasma fraction, shown in fig. X, indicate that Brevibacterium flavum-signal sequence is at least in part functional in E. coli KRX.

The S-layer fusion protein could not be found in the polyacrylamide gel after a SDS-PAGE of the lysate and the cell depris were still red. This indicated that the fusion protein intigrates because of the lipid anchor into the cell membrane. For testing this assumption the washed lysate was treted with ionic, nonionic and zwitterionic detergents to release K525121 out of the membranes.

The proportionally high RFU in the detergent fractions and the MALDI-TOF analysis of the relevant size range in the polyacrylamid gel approved the insertion into the cell membrane (fig. x).


Figure X: Fluorescence pro OD600 progression of the CspB/mRFP [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_E1010 (BBa_E1010)] fusion protein initiating with the cultivation fractions up to the detergent fractions of the seperate denaturations. Cultivations were carried out in autoinduction medium at 37 ˚C. The cells were mechanically disrupted and the resulting biomass was wahed with ddH2O and resuspendet in the respective detergent. The used detergent acronyms stand for: SDS = 10 % (v/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate; UTU = 7 M urea and 3 M thiourea; U = 10 M urea; NLS = 10 % (v/v) n-lauroyl sarcosine; CHAPS = 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate.

CspB without TAT-sequence and with lipid anchor

Cultivation and protein expression

For characterization the modiefied CspB [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K525123 (K525123)] gen was fused with a monomeric RFP [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_E1010 (BBa_E1010)] using Gibson assembly.

The fusion protein was overexpressed in E. coli KRX after induction of T7 polymerase by supplementation of 0,1 % L-rhamnose using the autoinduction protocol.

Figure X: Wachstumskurve
Figure X: RFU

Identification and localisation

Figure X: Fluorescence pro OD600 progression of the modified CspB [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K525123 (K525123)]/mRFP [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_E1010 (BBa_E1010)] fusion protein initiating with the cultivation fractions up to the detergent fractions of the seperate denaturations. Cultivations were carried out in autoinduction medium at 37 ˚C. The cells were mechanically disrupted and the resulting biomass was wahed with ddH2O and resuspendet in the respective detergent. The used detergent acronyms stand for: SDS = 10 % (v/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate; UTU = 7 M urea and 3 M thiourea; U = 10 M urea; NLS = 10 % (v/v) n-lauroyl sarcosine; CHAPS = 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate.

CspB from Corynebacterium halotolerans

CspB without TAT-sequence and lipid anchor

Cultivation and protein expression

For characterization the modiefied CspB [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K525222 (K525222)] gen was fused with a monomeric RFP ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_E1010 BBa_E1010]) using Gibson assembly.

The fusion protein was overexpressed in E. coli KRX after induction of T7 polymerase by supplementation of 0,1 % L-rhamnose using the auinduction protocol.

Figure X: Wachstumskurve
Figure X: RFU

Identification and localisation

Figure X: Fluorescence pro OD600 progression of the modified CspB [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K525222 (K525222)]/mRFP [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_E1010 (BBa_E1010)] fusion protein initiating with the cultivation fractions up to the detergent fractions of the seperate denaturations. Cultivations were carried out in autoinduction medium at 37 ˚C. The cells were mechanically disrupted and the resulting biomass was wahed with ddH2O and resuspendet in the respective detergent. The used detergent acronyms stand for: SDS = 10 % (v/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate; UTU = 7 M urea and 3 M thiourea; U = 10 M urea; NLS = 10 % (v/v) n-lauroyl sarcosine; CHAPS = 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate.

CspB without TAT-sequence and with lipid anchor

Cultivation and protein expression

For characterization the modiefied CspB [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K525223 (K525223)] gen was fused with a monomeric RFP ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_E1010 BBa_E1010]) using Gibson assembly.

The fusion protein was overexpressed in E. coli KRX after induction of T7 polymerase by supplementation of 0,1 % L-rhamnose using the auinduction protocol.

Figure X: Wachstumskurve
Figure X: RFU

Identification and localisation

Figure X: Fluorescence pro OD600 progression of the modified CspB [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K525223 (K525223)]/mRFP [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_E1010 (BBa_E1010)] fusion protein initiating with the cultivation fractions up to the detergent fractions of the seperate denaturations. Cultivations were carried out in autoinduction medium at 37 ˚C. The cells were mechanically disrupted and the resulting biomass was wahed with ddH2O and resuspendet in the respective detergent. The used detergent acronyms stand for: SDS = 10 % (v/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate; UTU = 7 M urea and 3 M thiourea; U = 10 M urea; NLS = 10 % (v/v) n-lauroyl sarcosine; CHAPS = 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate.

CspB with TAT-sequence and without lipid anchor

Cultivation and protein expression

For characterization the modiefied CspB [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K525224 (K525224)] gen was fused with a monomeric RFP ([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_E1010 BBa_E1010]) using Gibson assembly.

The fusion protein was overexpressed in E. coli KRX after induction of T7 polymerase by supplementation of 0,1 % L-rhamnose using the auinduction protocol.

Figure X: Wachstumskurve
Figure X: RFU

Identification and localisation

Figure X: Fluorescence pro OD600 progression of the modified CspB [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K525123 (K525123)]/mRFP [http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_E1010 (BBa_E1010)] fusion protein initiating with the cultivation fractions up to the detergent fractions of the seperate denaturations. Cultivations were carried out in autoinduction medium at 37 ˚C. The cells were mechanically disrupted and the resulting biomass was wahed with ddH2O and resuspendet in the respective detergent. The used detergent acronyms stand for: SDS = 10 % (v/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate; UTU = 7 M urea and 3 M thiourea; U = 10 M urea; NLS = 10 % (v/v) n-lauroyl sarcosine; CHAPS = 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate.

Purification

After the localisation of the S-layer protein in E. coli, different methods for purification were tested. The results of these methods are shown in fig. X. Fig. X shows, that the CspB protein does not form inclusion bodies in E. coli and most of the protein is transported out of the cell into the periplasm and a lot of protein is even secreted into the medium (all fractions were concentrated by filtration and precipitation, respectively). The secretion into the culture medium is very interesting because the purification is much faster (no cell disruption necessary).

Fig. X: Fluorescence of collected fractions of different methods to release and concentrate <partinfo>K525234</partinfo> protein from a cultivation in E. coli.

The highest fluorescence could be obtained by a precipitation with ammonium sulfate of the culture supernatant followed by an ultrafiltration with a 300 kDa membrane and a diafiltration with a 50 kDa membrane. The diafiltration was against a binding buffer for an anion exchange chromatography (25 mM sodium acetate, 25 mM sodium chloride) with pH 6, due to the theoretical pI of <partinfo>k525234</partinfo>. The fluorescence of the collected fractions of the following anion exchange chromatography are shown in fig. B.

Fig. B: Fluorescence of collected fractions of an anion exchange chromatography of <partinfo>K525234</partinfo> after concentration from the culture supernatant.

The binding conditions are well chosen because nearly all of the protein binds to the column. The protein is eluted from the column with rising sodium chloride concentrations. The highest fluorescence is in the elution fraction with 400 mM sodium chloride. 600 mM sodium chloride elutes all of the S-layer fusion proteins.


Final purification strategy

Scheme of purification strategy for CspB (fusion) proteins without lipid anchor:

Bielefeld-Germany2011-CH4-Aufreinigung symbol.png

First, CspB is expressed in E. coli under the control of a T7 promoter for separation of growth and production phase due to metabolic stress of the S-layer expression. Because the CspB protein with TAT-sequence and without lipid anchor is secreted to the culture medium in appreciable amounts by E. coli, an ammonium sulfate precipitation of the culture supernatant follows the cultivation. The S-layers are further concentrated and purified by two ultrafiltration / diafiltration steps (300 kDa and 100 kDa) with anion exchange chromatography binding buffer. The permeate of the last filtration is used for an anion exchange chromatography for capture and purification of the S-layer protein.

Click for detailed information

Summary of results