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Lysis Selection System

Our goal is to make two families of T7 promoter variants. One family has mutations on the T7 promoter consensus sequence while the other has the same set of mutations on the consensus sequence but also has a lac operator downstream of the T7 promoter. In each family, we produce six designed variants with different predicted promoter strengths compared to the wildtype as well as three sets of randomer variants which we want to use to check the overall range of promoter strengths.

The Making Of A Variant

To produce these T7 promoter variants, we use a two-step PCR process. The first PCR, which we call "gene-specific" PCR, is a typical PCR that adds a ribosome-binding site (rbs) in front of either RFP or the lysis operon and adds a terminator downstream.

With this PCR product now serving as the DNA template, we start a second PCR which we call the "extension" PCR. It extends the product by adding the T7 promoter, with or without a lac operator downstream. In these illustrations, we have substituted the lysis operon for the RFP gene but the same process is done for RFP.

In the last stage, we run another PCR with a set of primers that will add Gibson overhangs for the Gibson assembly that will add this promoter construct into the desired plasmid.

The Different T7 Promoter Variants

The Different T7-Lac Promoter Variants

Characterization with RFP

LacI repression

With T7 and T7-lac promoter variants in hand, we want to characterize their relative strengths. To obtain the right set-up, we transform the promoter variant plasmids into a different strain of E. coli called BL21. These cells have a mutation in the promoter for the lacI gene. As a result of this mutation, LacI protein is overproduced and is found abundantly in these cells.

In this same strain, the gene for the T7 RNA polymerase is preceded by a lac operator. Since LacI is a repressor and is strongly present in BL21 cells, the production of T7 RNA polymerases is severely repressed.

With very few T7 RNA polymerases available, there is very little recognition and binding of T7 promoters and consequently very little expression of the gene driven by the T7 promoter. Moreover, the expression of a gene driven by a T7-lac promoter would be even less, since the presence of LacI would block any action of the T7 RNA polymerase.

IPTG induction

With such a system in place, the transformation of our T7 and T7-lac promoter variant plasmids into BL21 cells would produce little to no reporter expression. Now to induce promoter activity, we rely on the fact that the chemical IPTG blocks the repressor action of LacI.

Without LacI inhibition, the cell can resume production of T7 RNA polymerases. These in turn can bind to the T7 and T7-lac promoters to express the reporter gene without interruption. So the adding of IPTG to a BL21 cell culture containing these T7 and T7-lac promoter variant plasmids ought to produce high levels of RFP or Lysis expression. Since lysis is a rather binary process (either the cell is lysed or it is not), we use RFP fluorescence as a gauge of promoter strength and efficiency.

DNA Recovery with Lysis

Having a lysis cassette driven by a T7 promoter is an important step towards being able to recover the DNA sequences of transcription factor and promoter mutants that have strong mutual affinities. To verify that basic lysing can be induced, we use the same IPTG experiment as for RFP, using both large samples for visual, qualitative confirmation and small samples in a platereader for quantitative, numerical confirmation.

Once the basic mechanism of cell lysing is confirmed, the next step is to show that DNA can be recovered from the supernatant. We grow two large cultures of cells. One contains cells that will lyse and release plasmids into the supernatant while the other has non-lysing, "normal" cells.

Adding IPTG to both flasks induces lysis in one set of cells but not in the others.

Thanks to qPCR, the supernatant harvested from the lysing culture reveals increased numbers of plasmids while the non-lysing culture exhibits significantly lower numbers of plasmids. A similar test involves transforming the supernatant (whose plasmid content is not known a priori) into cells and counting the number of resulting colonies. The plates containing transformations from the lysing supernatant have vastly superior number of colonies compared to the non-lysing supernatant transformations.

To round out the experiments for DNA recovery, it is essential that we show that the recovered DNA is in fact plasmid DNA from the relevant lysed cells. To that end, we again set up an experiment involving two flasks but this time each flask contains two cultures. For one flask, one culture is a co-transformation of a lysis plasmid and a RFP-containing plasmid and the other is a co-transformation of a negative control plasmid with a GFP-containing plasmid. In the other flask, the reverse is true: lysis is with GFP and negative control is with RFP.

Induction with IPTG lyses the cells with the lysis cassette but leaves the cells with the negative control free to produce the red fluorescence. Collecting the supernatant and sterile filtering it reveals, by qPCR or by transforming it and counting the colonies, that the supernatant contains RFP plasmids in one flask and GFP plasmids in the other. Meanwhile, the large flask from which the supernatant samples are taken should be yellow-green and pink respectively, since the remaining cells will fluoresce according to those colors.