Team:UT-Tokyo/Project/Background

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微生物は地球上における物質の分解者である。もし微生物がいなければ、地球上は落ち葉や動物の死骸で溢れてしまうかもしれない。
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=Background=
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このような微生物の性質を利用して、環境汚染を取り除こうという考えを、Bioremediationと呼ぶ。
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従来Bioremediationは、物理的・化学的なRemediationに比べ、処理に時間がかかるのが欠点であった。
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合成生物学的なアプローチにより、Bioremediationを行うのに特化した微生物を作ることができるようになった。
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過去のiGEMでも、多くのチームがBioremediation用のBioBrickを開発してきた。
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過去のプロジェクトでは、Substrateに対してどんな操作ー回収・分解などーをするかに重点が置かれ、
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いかに効率を高めるかには無関心なものが多かった。
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しかしこれでは、予め高濃度のSubstrateまたは大量の菌が必要になってしまうと予想される。
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:Microorganisms are of critical importance in our ecosystems since they play a roll of natural decomposer. If it were not for microbes, the earth might become awash with fallen leaves, dead bodies and other debris. Bioremediation is an idea of utilizing this bacterial property to fight pollution. Synthetic biology has made it possible to create microorganisms that are specialized for this task, thereby allowing implementation of high efficiencies.
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この問題を解決するために開発されたのが"Self-Mustering with Aspartate-Responsive Taxis (SMART) System"である。
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:In the past iGEM competitions, quite a few teams have developed devices for bioremediation. Most of the projects focused on the method to deal with substrates (collection, reduction, etc...) and the efficiency of the system was not so emphasized. At the actual polluted site, however, microorganisms are not always able to interact with substrates in an ideal condition. If we can make microorganisms to interact with substrates effectively regardless of the environment, the efficiency of bioremediation will improve dramatically.
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SMARTシステムの戦略はシンプルだ。
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「Substrateの周りの菌密度を上げることで、Bioremediationの効率は飛躍的に上がる。」
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以下の2つのモデリングのムービー（Asp誘導あり/なしの場合でのSubstrateの分解の様子の違い）を見て欲しい。
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従来の戦略に比べ、SMARTシステムを使うと大腸菌の密度が高くなり、Substrateの分解が速く進むのが分かる。
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シミュレーションの結果から、（先の予想通り）SMARTシステムを使うと使わない場合に比べSubstrateの分解が◯◯倍速くなる。
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さらに、SMARTシステムは、様々なSubstrateに対して適用できるようにデザインされている。
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Systemでは、どのようにしてSMARTシステムを実現したかを説明する。
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:To solve this problem, we designed a "Self-Mustering with Aspartate-Responsive Taxis (SMART) System." The basic strategy of the SMART system is quite simple. "The higher the concentration of microorganisms around the substrate, the better the efficiency of bioremediation." Without a device like SMART, we predict that many projects require an enormous amount of time to complete the task using realistic concentrations of microorganisms.
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:Take a look at the two movies below. [http://igem-ut.net/2011/model/model3/utt_m3_mov6.mov Movie1] shows the way the microorganisms decompose the localized substrate with cell diffusion only, and [http://igem-ut.net/2011/model/model3/utt_m3_mov8.mov Movie2], with SMART system. You will see microorganisms decompose the substrate much more rapidly with SMART system. From this simulation, we predict that SMART system greatly accelerates the decomposition of the substrate.
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=Background=
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Microorganisms are of critical importance in our ecosystems since they play a roll of natural decomposer.
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<html>
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If it were not for microbes, the earth might become awash with fallen leaves, dead bodies and other debris.
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<center>
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Bioremediation is an idea of expanding this bacterial property to environmental use; in other words, bacterial soldiers removing pollutants. As this strategy can exploit the specialty of biology, it surpasses in some points precedent physical/chemical remediation.
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<embed src="http://igem-ut.net/2011/model/model3/utt_m3_mov6.mov" type="video/quicktime" width=420 height=350
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      autoplay="false" controller="true"
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      pluginspage="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/">
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</embed>
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</center>
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</html>
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Conventional bioremediation, however, has one weak point; it takes enormous time to complete the work.
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:'''Movie 1.  Bioremediation with cell diffusion only''': Left side indicates Asp diffusion and right side indicates ''E. coli'' distribution.
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:*If you cannot load the file, click [[http://igem-ut.net/2011/model/model3/utt_m3_mov6.mov here]].
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Synthetic biology has made it possible to create microorganisms that are specialized for bioremediation,
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<html>
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thereby paved the way for bioremediation with high efficiency.
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<center>
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In the past iGEM competitions, quite a few teams have developed devices for bioremediation.
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<embed src="http://igem-ut.net/2011/model/model3/utt_m3_mov8.mov" type="video/quicktime" width=420 height=350
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Most of the projects focused on how to deal with substrates (collection, reduction, etc...)
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      autoplay="false" controller="true"
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and did not pay much attention to the efficiency of the system.
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      pluginspage="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/">
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</embed>
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</center>
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</html>
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However, we predict that these devices require very high concentration of substrates and/or microorganisms
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:'''Movie 2.  Bioremediation with SMART system'''
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to work effectively enough.
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:*If you cannot load the file, click [[http://igem-ut.net/2011/model/model3/utt_m3_mov8.mov here]].
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To solve this problem, we designed a "Self-Mustering with Aspartate-Responsive Taxis (SMART) System."
 
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The basic strategy of the SMART system is quite simple.
 
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"The higher the concentration of microorganisms around substrate, the better the efficiency of bioremediation."
 
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Take a look at two movies below, and you will see microorganisms decompose the substrate much faster with SMART system.
 
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From this simulation, we could say that ... (graphs and some other data needed, under construction.)
 
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In short, SMART system is designed in such a way so it is applicable to allow  
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:SMART system is designed in such a way that it is applicable to allow bioremediation of various substrates with good efficiency.
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bioremediation of various substrates with good efficiency.
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In [[Team:UT-Tokyo/Project/System|the System page]], we will introduce details of our SMART system.
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:In [[Team:UT-Tokyo/Project/System|the System page]], we will introduce details of our SMART system.
{{:Team:UT-Tokyo/Templates/EndContent}}
{{:Team:UT-Tokyo/Templates/EndContent}}

Latest revision as of 03:38, 6 October 2011

Background

Microorganisms are of critical importance in our ecosystems since they play a roll of natural decomposer. If it were not for microbes, the earth might become awash with fallen leaves, dead bodies and other debris. Bioremediation is an idea of utilizing this bacterial property to fight pollution. Synthetic biology has made it possible to create microorganisms that are specialized for this task, thereby allowing implementation of high efficiencies.
In the past iGEM competitions, quite a few teams have developed devices for bioremediation. Most of the projects focused on the method to deal with substrates (collection, reduction, etc...) and the efficiency of the system was not so emphasized. At the actual polluted site, however, microorganisms are not always able to interact with substrates in an ideal condition. If we can make microorganisms to interact with substrates effectively regardless of the environment, the efficiency of bioremediation will improve dramatically.
To solve this problem, we designed a "Self-Mustering with Aspartate-Responsive Taxis (SMART) System." The basic strategy of the SMART system is quite simple. "The higher the concentration of microorganisms around the substrate, the better the efficiency of bioremediation." Without a device like SMART, we predict that many projects require an enormous amount of time to complete the task using realistic concentrations of microorganisms.
Take a look at the two movies below. Movie1 shows the way the microorganisms decompose the localized substrate with cell diffusion only, and Movie2, with SMART system. You will see microorganisms decompose the substrate much more rapidly with SMART system. From this simulation, we predict that SMART system greatly accelerates the decomposition of the substrate.

Movie 1. Bioremediation with cell diffusion only: Left side indicates Asp diffusion and right side indicates E. coli distribution.
  • If you cannot load the file, click [here].

Movie 2. Bioremediation with SMART system
  • If you cannot load the file, click [here].


SMART system is designed in such a way that it is applicable to allow bioremediation of various substrates with good efficiency.
In the System page, we will introduce details of our SMART system.


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