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References

1. D. Haft et al, “A Guild of 45 CRISPR-Associated (Cas) Protein Families and Multiple CRISPR/Cas Subtypes Exist in Prokaryotic Genomes”, 1 November 2005
2. R. Barrangou et al, “CRISPR Provides Acquired Resistance Against Viruses in Prokaryotes”, 23 March 2007
3. R. Sorek et al, “CRISPR — a widespread system that provides acquired resistance against phages in bacteria and archaea”, March 2008
4. S. Brouns et al, “Small CRISPR RNAs Guide Antiviral Defense in Prokaryotes”, 15 August 2008
5. S. Marraffini and E. Sontheimer, ““CRISPR Interference Limits Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococci by Targeting DNA”, 19 December 2008
6. J. Heidelberg et al, “Germ Warfare in a Microbial Mat Community: CRISPRs Provide Insights into the Co-Evolution of Host and Viral Genomes”, 9 January 2009
7. C. Hale et al, “RNA-Guided RNA Cleavage by a CRISPR RNA-Cas Protein Complex”, 25 November 2009
8. J. van der Oost and S. Brouns, “RnAi: Prokaryotes get in on the Act”, 25 November 2009
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11. A. Stern et al, “Self-targeting by CRISPR: gene regulation or autoimmunity?”, 1 July 2010
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20. D. Pride et al, “Analysis of streptococcal CRISPRs from human saliva reveals substantial sequence diversity within and between subjects over time”, 13 December 2010
21. R. Garrett et al, “CRISPR-based immune systems of the Sulfolobales: complexity and diversity”, 19 January 2011
22. F. Rezzonico et al, “Diversity, Evolution, and Functionality of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) Regions in the Fire Blight Pathogen Erwinia amylovora”, 24 March 2011
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27. D. Sashital et al, “An RNA-induced conformational change required for CRISPR RNA cleavage by the endoribonuclease Cse3”, 15 May 2011
28. E. Gesner et al, “Recognition and maturation of effector RNAs in a CRISPR interference pathway”, 15 May 2011
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30. W. Fricke et al, “Comparative Genomics of 28 Salmonella enterica Isolates: Evidence for CRISPR-mediated Adaptive Sublineage Evolution”, 20 May 2011
31. E. Semenova et al, “Interference by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) RNA is governed by a seed sequence”, 6 June 2011
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33. K. Kyun et al, “Crystal Structure of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated Csn2 Protein Revealed Ca²⁺-dependent Double-stranded DNA-binding Activity”, 21 June 2011
34. J. Howard et al, “Helicase dissociation and annealing of RNA-DNA hybrids by Escherichia coli Cas3 protein”, 23 June 2011
35. R. Edgar and U. Qimron, “The Escherichia coli CRISPR system protects from lambda lysogenisation, lysogens and prophage induction”, 1 October 2010
36. J. Garneau et al, “The CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system cleaves bacteriophage and plasmid DNA”, 3 November 2010
37. K. Pougach et al, “Transcription, processing and function of CRISPR cassettes in Escherichia coli.”, 1 January 2011
38. B. Wiedenheft et al, “Structural basis for DNase activity of a conserved protein implicated in CRISPR-mediated genome defense”, 10 June 2009
39. R. Perez-Rodriguez et al, “Envelope stress is a trigger of CRISPR RNA-mediated DNA silencing in Escheria Coli”, 13 December 2010
40. Y. Agari et al, “Transcription profile of Thermus thermophilus CRISPR systems after phage infection.”, 15 January 2010
41. L. Aravind and EV Koonin, “The HD domain defines a new superfamily of metaldependent phosphohydrolases”, December 1998
42. M. Babu et al, “A dual function of the CRISPR-Cas system in bacterial antivirus immunity and DNA repair”, January 2011
43. V. Kunin et al, “Evolutionary conservation of sequence and secondary structures in CRISPR repeats”, 18 April 2007
44. I. Grissa et al, “The CRISPRdb database and tools to display CRISPRs and to generate dictionaries of spacers and repeat”, 23 May 2007
45. J. van der Oost et al, “CRISPR based adaptive and heritable immunity in prokaryotes”, 30 July 2009
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47. L. Marraffini and E. Sontheimer, “CRISPR interference: RNA-directed adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea.”, 2 February 2010
48. FJ Mojica et al, “Intervening sequences of regularly spaced prokaryotic repeats derive from foreign genetic elements”, February 2005
49. C. Pourcel et al, “CRISPR elements in Yersinia pestis acquire new repeats by preferential uptake of bacteriophage DNA, and provide additional tools for evolutionary studies”, March 2005
50. A. Bolotin et al, “Clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPRs) have spacers of extrachromosomal origin”, August 2005
51. V. Kunin et al, “Evolutionary conservation of sequence and secondary structures in CRISPR repeats”, 18 April 2007
52. P. Horvath et al, “Diversity, activity, and evolution of CRISPR loci in Streptococcus thermophilus”, February 2008
53. F. J. M. Mojica et al, “Short motif sequences determine the targets of the prokaryotic CRISPR defence system”, March 2009
54. M. Thomas et al, “Hybridization of RNA to double-stranded DNA: formation of R-loops”, 1 July 1976
55. H. Deveau et al, “Phage response to CRISPR-encoded resistance in Streptococcus thermophilus”, February 2008
56. T.H. Tang et al, “Identification of 86 candidates for small non-messenger RNAs from the archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus”, 28 May 2002
57. C. Hale et al, “Prokaryotic silencing (psi)RNAs in Pyrococcus furiosus”, 29 October 2008
58. RK Lillestøl et al, “CRISPR families of the crenarchaeal genus Sulfolobus: bidirectional transcription and dynamic properties.”, April 2009
59. N. Beloglazova et al, “A novel family of sequence-specific endoribonucleases associated with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.”, 18 July 2008
60. U. Pul et al, “Identification and characterization of E.coli CRISPR-cas promoters and their silencing by H-NS”, March 2010
61. F. Hommais et al, “Large-scale monitoring of pleiotropic regulation of gene expression by the prokaryotic nucleoid-associated protein, H-NS”, April 2001
62. W. Navarre et al, “Selective silencing of foreign DNA with low GC content by the H-NS protein in Salmonella”, 14 July 2006
63. Y. Liu et al, “A divalent switch drives H-NS/DNA-binding conformations between stiffening and bridging modes”, 18 December 2009
64. R. Dame et al, “DNA bridging: a property shared among H-NS-like proteins”, March 2005
65. D. Stoebel et al, “Antisilencing: overcoming H-NS-mediated repression of transcription in Gram-negative enteric bacteria.”, September 2008
66. CC Chen and HY Wu, “LeuO protein delimits the transcriptionally active and repressive domains on the bacterial chromosome”, 15 April 2005
67. NB Vartak et al, “A functional leuABCD operon is required for leucine synthesis by the tyrosine-repressible transaminase in Escherichia coli K-12”, June 1991
68. E. Klauck et al, “The LysR-like regulator LeuO in Escherichia coli is involved in the translational regulation of rpoS by affecting the expression of the small regulatory DsrA-RNA”, August 1997
69. A. Majumder et al, “LeuO expression in response to starvation for branched-chain amino acids”, 1 June 2001
70. T. Shimada et al, “Involvement of the leucine response transcription factor LeuO in regulation of the genes for sulfa drug efflux”, July 2009
71. K. S. Makarova et al, “Unification of Cas protein families and a simple scenario for the origin and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems”, 14 July 2011