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High-performance RNA Controllers Regulated By TPP
Just as previously stated, even though proteins fulfill most of biological functions, such as enzymes as catalysts, receptors as signal transmitters, they have certain drawbacks when used as synthetic biology's modules. One example is that they are often coupled with normal biological processes, so their functions depend much on the genetic context. RNA, as a large family of basic biomolecules, also possesses similar capacities to those of proteins.
Hammerhead ribozymes are small self-cleaving RNAs, first discovered in satellite RNAs of plant viruses that catalyze a specific phosphodiester bond isomerization reaction in the course of rolling-circle replication [1]. More recently a full-length hammerhead ribozyme from mansoni is being more frequently utilized for application. As shown in Fig.1-A, this hammerhead ribozyme can be truncated to a minimal, catalytically active motif consisting of (marked in colors) flanking a central core of 15 mostly invariant nucleotides (marked in frame). And the conserved central bases are essential for the hammerhead ribozyme's catalytic activity [1]. shown in Fig.1-B indicates that the secondary structure of the Schistosoma hammerhead ribozyme can be distorted into a uridine turn because of distant loop/bulge interaction which induces changes in stem II while simultaneously unwinding stem I. For the basic catalytic function of hammerhead ribozyme, the active site for self-cleaving of Schistosoma hammerhead ribozyme resides between stem III and stem I, as shown in Fig.1-A.
It has been reported previously that mRNAs encoding enzymes involved in thiamine (vitamin B1) biosynthesis in Escherichia coli can bind derivative without the assistance from protein cofactors [2]. These ligand-binding mRNAs actually possess thiamine or pyrophosphate binding domain, called aptamer, in which the binding event can bring about a conformational change which is important for genetic control. This natural thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) aptamer can bind to TPP specifically and a defined structure is stabilized. As shown in Fig.1-C, upon addition of TPP, TPP can bind loop in green through . Fig.1-D shows the tertiary structure of natural TPP aptamer binding to TPP.
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Figure.1 |
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In fact, the natural aptamer domain of the TPP riboswitch can be exploited to construct very efficient that regulate gene expression, demonstrated by Markus Wieland et. al.[3]. To couple the natural TPP aptamer riboswitch with Schistosoma hammerhead ribozyme, stem III of Schistosoma hammerhead ribozyme and yellow shaded stem of TPP aptamer in Fig.1-C were modified to construct linker between hammerhead ribozyme and aptamer. The resulting artificial ribozymes functioned with high performance, whose highest fold reached 1000.
Markus Wieland et. al. have created several mutants of the constructed ribozyme-based TPP-responsive artificial ribozyme switches (TPP ribozyme)[3]. We chose two of the mutants in our project, one of which can activate downstream gene expression upon adding TPP, numbered 1.20, and the other would inhibit downstream gene expression when TPP added, numbered 2.5. The secondary structure of TPP ribozyme 1.20 and 2.5 are shown in Fig.2. The lower part of the structure is natural TPP aptamer riboswitch, and the upper part is Schistosoma hammerhead ribozyme. Stem III in green indicates ribozyme, the pairing nucleotides of which is the only distinction between TPP ribozyme 1.20 and 2.5.
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Figure.2 |
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The ribosomal binding site (RBS) of TPP ribozyme locates at the extended stem (shaded red in Fig.2). The Schistosoma hammerhead domain in TPP ribozyme could perform self-cleavage when posed in an appropriate conformation, and upon self-cleavage the RBS would be released from pairing, thus ribosome could get access to RBS and initiate translation of the downstream gene. Though similar in secondary structure, TPP ribozyme 1.20 and 2.5 undergo different mechanisms to regulate the translation of downstream gene. Upon addition of TPP, the aptamer domain would bind to TPP; while TPP ribozyme 1.20 would change to a conformation that is suitable for hammerhead domain to cleave itself, TPP ribozyme 2.5 would undergo a conformational change that would decelerate the self-cleaving rate of hammerhead domain. Therefore, upon adding TPP, TPP ribozyme 1.20 would facilitate the translation of downstream gene, whereas TPP ribozyme 2.5 would decrease the translation strength of downstream gene.
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Figure.3
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We designed several experiments to demonstrate that TPP ribozymes are truly modular RNA controllers, independent of sequence context. The plasmids kindly provided by Prof. Hartig's lab contain TPP ribozyme 1.20/2.5 with an upstream T7 promoter, and the downstream coding sequence is a copy of GFP gene, followed by a T7 terminator (Fig. 4-A). We termed these two constructs T7-1.20 and T7-2.5 respectively. To prove that the performance of TPP ribozymes is not relevant to the downstream coding sequence, we inserted first 36 base pairs of the coding sequence from Part BBa_E0040 ahead of the GFP coding sequence in the plasmid (Fig. 4-B). The two constructs were termed 36-1.20/36-2.5 respectively.
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Figure.4 |
After transforming T7-1.20, T7-2.5, 36-1.20, 36-2.5 into E. coli DH5αcells, the bacteria were characterized in M9 medium with TPP concentration gradient. The result turned out that the corresponding working curves were similar, despite of different downstream coding sequence (Fig.5 & Fig.6, grids and curves in black and in red).
To further investigate whether the performance of TPP ribozymes is influenced by upstream promoter and downsteam terminator, we constructed two plasmids that contain TPP ribozyme 1.20/2.5 with an upstream pBAD promoter, and the downstream coding sequence is a GFP gene from Part BBa_E0040, followed by a terminator (Part:BBa_B0015) (Fig. 4-C). These two constructs were named pBAD-1.20 and pBAD-2.5 respectively. Similarly, we characterized these two constructs, and the working curves were also similar to those of T7-1.20/ T7-2.5 (Fig.5 & Fig.6, grids and curves in black and in blue). Another two plasmids were constructed by inserting first 36 base pairs of CI gene ahead of GFP coding sequence in pBAD-1.20/ pBAD-2.5 (Fig. 4-D). These are named CI-1.20 and CI-2.5 respectively. The working curves of these two constructs overlapped to a large extent with those of other constructs (Fig.5 & Fig.6, grids and curves in green), further demonstrating that the performance of TPP ribozyme 1.20 and 2.5 was independent of their coding sequence context, rendering them truly modular RNA devices to regulate gene expression.
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Figure.5 Working curves of TPP ribozyme 1.20 in different constructs. The activation ratio is fluorescence intensity under given TPP concentrations compared to that of without TPP. Constructed plasmids were transformed into E. coli DH5a cells and characterized in M9 medium with a TPP concentration gradient of 0.001, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, mM. T7-1.20 and 36-1.20 were induced by 1mM IPTG. pBAD-1.20 and CI-1.20 were induced by 1mM arabinose. |
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Figure.6 Working curves of TPP ribozyme 2.5 in different constructs. The inhibition ratio is fluorescence intensity under given TPP concentrations compared to that of without TPP. Constructed plasmids were transformed into E. coli DH5a cells and characterized in M9 medium with a TPP concentration gradient of 0.001, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 mM. T7-2.5 and 36-2.5 were induced by 1mM IPTG. pBAD-2.5 and CI-2.5 were induced by 1mM arabinose. |
Additionally, to further confirm that the rise or drop of the working curves in Fig.5 or Fig.6 on different TPP concentrations was indeed the contribution of TPP ribozymes, we constructed a plasmid as control by substituting TPP ribozyme in pBAD-1.20/ pBAD-2.5 to the native RBS (AAGGAGAT) of TPP ribozyme, termed TPP-RBS (Fig.4-E). Similar characterization was performed, and the result showed that the fluorescence intensity produced by TPP-RBS fluctuated, yet not significant enough to show a trend to increase or decrease when TPP concentration went up, compared with the obvious fluorescence intensity change produced by pBAD-1.20/ pBAD-2.5 (Fig.7). Therefore, we can reach the conclusion that TPP ribozyme 1.20 and 2.5 functioned modularly to regulate downstream gene's translation strength upon different concentrations of TPP.
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Figure.7 The fluorescence intensity of TPP-RBS, pBAD-1.20 and pBAD-2.5 under different TPP concentrations. Ordinate axis indicates the fluorescence intensity normalized by cell density. Constructed plasmids were transformed into E. coli DH5a cells and characterized in M9 medium with a TPP concentration gradient of 0, 0.001, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 mM, with induction by 1mM arabinose. |
[1] Monika Martick and William G.Scott. (2006). Tertiary Contacts Distant from
the Active Site Prime a Ribozyme for Catalysis. Cell 126, 309-320
[2] Wade Winkler, Ali Nahvi Ronald R. Breaker. (2002). Thiamine Derivatives Bind Messenger RNAs Directly to Regulate Bacterial Gene Expression. Nature 419, 952-956
[3] Markus Wieland, Armin Benz, Benedikt Klauser, and Jörg S. Hartig. (2009). Artificial Ribozyme Switches Containing Natural Riboswitch Aptamer Domains. Angew. Chem. 121, 2753-2756
| Existed Natural RNA Controllers | |
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| TPP:regulated hammerhead ribozyme | |
| THEOPHYLINE: responsive riboswitch | |
Engineered RNA controllers |
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| RIBOZYME:engineered group I intron with a theophylline hammerhead ribozyme | |
| SELECTION:adenine hammerhead ribozyme obtained from screening | |
