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Human Practices
By using the IRB system to validate and approve our survey of attitudes toward genetically-modified foods, we are bringing the typical iGEM survey up to a new standard. Surveys conducted under the auspices of the IRB produce results fit for publication.
Despite the promise of VitaYeast, its reception might still be hindered by the public's concerns with genetically modified food. These concerns typically include, but are not limited to, safety and environmental impact. However, as technology advances and more natural resources are depleted, the impact of genetic modification will become more significant to society. Therefore, in addition to our wet-lab experiments, we hope to gather data to help us understand the concerns of both the developing world and local communities regarding genetic modification and the global food supply. While we stand firm in our faith of synthetic biology as a powerful tool for addressing global health needs, it is critical that we place our solution on a firm path towards global adoption.
Golden Rice
One of the first things we investigated in the Human Practice Division was [http://www.goldenrice.org/ golden rice]. Like VitaYeast, it synthesizes beta carotene. Crucially, it also has been studied. Because of golden rice, we know what obstacles we may run into once VitaYeast is developed.
Although hailed by TIME magazine as [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,98034,00.html "grains of hope"] that could "save million kids a year," many people had problems with the fact it was genetically modified. Also, in certain African countries, humans tend to eat white grains, while animals ate the colored grains. Urging the people in those countries to eat golden rice was the equivalent of telling one to eat something that looked like dog food to get the daily recommended dosage of vitamins.
On top of the problems of local acceptance, Golden Rice faced many many [http://www.goldenrice.org/Content2-How/how4_regul.html "regulatory hurdles"]. Despite securing intellectual property rights in 2000, the Golden Rice website states that the project will only get final regulatory approval sometime in 2012. One of these requirements is to have a 'regulatory clean event,' which means that the inserted DNA must have been inserted 'cleanly' as defined by regulatory bodies. Examples of 'unclean' events are when the DNA inserts itself multiple times in the host genome, when the arrangement of multiple genes is different from the original plan, or when residual or 'ballast' DNA integrates with the desired genes. To find clean lines, one must screen 100's of colonies. Utilizing a private partnership, the first viable regulatory clean event in Indian rice varieties was procured in 2003.
Although the original intention was to conduct the first agricultural trial in a developing country, it was conducted at Louisiana State University in 2004. The reason was that no suitable regulatory bodies for new GM crops are in place in developing nations. The US have such bodies in place so the first agri trials were conducted there in accordance with their requirements.
Taken from a [http://www.goldenrice.org/PDFs/Nature_Opinion_Potrykus_2010.pdf "Nature Opinion paper"] written by the Head of the Golden Rice Humanitarian Board, the remaining hurdles to pass are essentially repeats of what was gone through before. They are now creating new varieties for different farming situations and will need regulatory clean events for each new strain.
Differences
Our team feels that our VitaYeast is different in many ways that may be crucial to a well-received response from the general public. A tiny fraction of the bread recipe is yeast. A VitaBread will likely be the same color as normal bread that one may buy in the supermarket. Theoretically, one could have largely organic bread, where the only GM portion is our VitaYeast. That little portion will provide the necessary biofortification.
As per government policy, US supermarket varieties of white bread do employ fortification, but not biofortification. This means that the necessary micronutrients such as folic acid are added to the bread mix directly. The advantage we see in biofortification of organisms is the ability for developing nations to adopt the organism for little extra cost.
Breadmaking
To test the feasibility of using our VitaYeast for bread, our team baked bread with it. Our bread is not for human consumption at the moment, as more extensive testing must be done to ensure that it is not harmful to humans. We will, however, use the bread to gauge the reactions of other people to the idea of VitaBread.
Genetically Modified Food Survey
The human practices team decided to develop a survey to determine how favorably or unfavorably our VitaYeast is received. We want to see whether the public views our VitaYeast products differently from other GM products.
Having gained Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, we have begun surveying Baltimore's Northeast Market and Lexington Market.
Results
Through surveying of Baltimore Residents in the Northeast and Lexington Markets, it was found that the most important factor taken into account when buying bread is the nutritional content of the bread while the least important factor is the genetic modification of the bread. Question 9 of this survey (linked below) asks people to rank 6 factors (1 being the most important) in order of importance. On average, "Nutritional Content" was ranked the most important with a mean rank of 2.73 while "Genetic Modification" was ranked the lowest with a mean rank of 4.65. In order to validate these results, an F-test test between the genetic modification ranking and the nutritional value ranking was run. This test yielded a P-value of less than 0.000118, indicating that people favor nutritional content over genetic modification of food.
To view our latest draft of the survey, please click here.
A Proposed New Standard for iGEM Human Practices: The IRB Approved Survey.
Traditionally, iGEM Human Practice efforts have fallen under 3 realms:
1) An Essay on Bioethics & Synthetic Biology (e.g. HP award in Indiana)
2) A tutorial or seminar for Students (e.g. 2011 Americas Regional Jamboree Winners Team University of Washington)
3) A survey for other iGEM team members or students.
Another trend of human practices projects in iGEM is that these projects tend to focus on the field of synthetic biology as a whole. While knowledge generated from such efforts are useful and interesting, they do not specifically address the difficulty specific iGEM projects might face once they are being applied in the real world. In other words, many human practices projects are only loosely tied to the iGEM projects they belong to.
The 2011 Johns Hopkins iGEM team has taken steps to address these problems. First, we have made crafted a Human Practices survey that has successfully passed through the the Institutional Review Board (IRB),the standard regulatory body for human subjects research. Second, the focus of the survey has been geared towards the actualization of the team’s project, VitaYeast, on the commercial market today. The survey was constructed in such a way that would allow the team to findpotential difficulties Vitayeast may face should it ever reach the mass market. The outcome is a growing collection of real, eventually publishable data about VitaBread collected under the banner of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
The Johns Hopkins iGEM Team’s Road to IRB Approval: A Guide for Future Teams
Quick Facts on The JHU iGEM Human Practices Survey:
* It is an anonymous 16 part questionnaire on the perception of GM foods including two demographic questions. * It is distributed at two Baltimore markets to ordinary Baltimore Citizens * It is approved as an Exempt Study by the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Institutional Review Board (IRB). * It aims to gauge the immediate appeal of Vitabread in relation to other GM and Non GM varieties * It aims to find an approximate ‘acceptable percentage’ of GM content in a recipe.
Some FAQ’s:
What is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
Essentially an institution’s own Bioethics board that reviews, helps refine, and green-lights research projects on human subjects research. It is there to make sure that no human subject’s rights will be violated in any shape or form by affiliated studis. For a more detailed explanation, follow this link to the Hopkins Medicine IRB Website (http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/institutional_review_board/).
Do you have to get IRB approval to do a survey?
You do not explicitly need IRB approval to conduct human practices research for iGEM. (www.cornell.edu/documents/Studies%20without%20irb%20Approval.pdf gives a more detailed overview). If you do not seek IRB approval and intend to publish the collected data, you may have to disclose this fact to the potential publisher first. Depending on your institution, you may be required to make other disclosures (e.g. to the participants themselves that your project was not IRB approved).
So why seek IRB approval in iGEM?
Seeing as synthetic biology is one of the primary focuses of modern bioethics (bioethics.gov/cms/studies), the field is inherently controversial and subject to intense scrutiny. IRB approval is the easiest way to certify a project as ‘ethically clean’ for the simple reason that a bioethics board has approved it. It raises the standard of the project and makes it more acceptable to the general public. For example, if all iGEM projects had IRB approved elements, the institution as a whole would be easily argued as one that cares about bioethics and aims to remain ethically sound. Side Benefit: Study Team Members on an IRB Approved Study take short courses on Bioethics (e.g. Conflict of Interest, Human Subjects Research), which allows them to learn more about the field.
How should iGEM teams approach the process of IRB approval?
a) Design a study to receive IRB exempt status. ‘Exempt’ refers to a type of IRB approval granted without an extended review process. In our case, the IRB took around 2 weeks to review our second application and approve us. To design an exempt study, follow the guidelines of your institution. For viewing purposes, you can follow this link to the Hopkins Medicine guidelines (www.hopkinsmedicine.org/institutional_review_board/guidelines_policies/guidelines/exempt_research.html).
b) NOTE: A faculty member is required to submit all final documents.
Sections of the Hopkins Medicine IRB Application (Note omitted sections for those applying for exempt status).
1 - General Information 2 - Study Team Compliance 4 - Exempt Research 6 - Protocol Information 8 - Conflict of Interest 9 - Support Information 10 - Study Location 11 - Sample Size and Source 12 - Participant Information 13 - Recruitment Information 14 - Consent and Waivers 20 - Supplemental Study Documents 24 - Human Biological Samples 32 - SKCCC CRO 34 - Data Confidentiality 35 - Application Documents Complete Application
Responding to IRB 'Issues.
We received approval on the second application; clearly, we made mistakes on our first attempt. Keep in mind that all institutions have their own rules, but we would like to provide some advices to future iGEM team seeking IRB approval.
The essential problems with our first application are as follows:
1) We first wanted to pursue a multinational survey by use of our contacts in various countries.
We found it difficult to effectively write a detailed recruitment strategy and receive formal permission from different survey sites for each country. Furthermore, one institution’s IRB cannot make a judgment about what is ‘ethically sound’ in other countries. To do a multinational survey, we would have had to collaborate with endemic institutions and have them pass the study through their own IRB reviews.
2) Entered information often must be repeated in the various sections of an IRB application. Whenever we repeated information, a couple facts would sometimes not match. Although this mistake seems trivial, it is reportedly one of the most common problems in all the applications our IRB receives.
We eventually solved these issues by aggressively downsizing our application from a multinational study to a study involving two Baltimore markets. The smaller size of the study allowed us to easily obtain the required permission letters from the appropriate authorities and write a detailed study protocol. We also took greater care in proofreading our material before submitting. After the competition, we will amend the study to include more sites and survey methods.
In Summary:
Start with a small study and aim to get an IRB exemption. They can be amended to add new sites, study team members, etc.
Write a detailed human subject recruitment protocol and get formal permission from each of the sites you plan on conducting your study.
Proofread the application multiple times to make sure to everything matches. Treat the iGEM human subjects research activities like another lab experiment and apply the same amount of care and diligence to your work.
Future Plans
After the iGEM conferences, we will collaborate with other Baltimore Universities to publish a paper on our results. During our research on the survey, we noticed that opinions on GM foods differed across various developing nations. For example, the residents of the Shanxi province of China seemed receptive to the idea of [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815041 GM rice]. For this reason, we see great potential in a future multinational survey. We hope to later add to the growing body of work on the public acceptance GM foods and see how our VitaYeast fits into the debate, both in Baltimore and abroad.
