Mammalian cells

Mammalian cells are higher eukaryotic cells derived from multicellular organisms. Eukaryotic cells have a unique ability to process proteins post-translationally, and they contain a large number of membrane bound compartments such as mitochondria, endoplasmatic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus. Compared to microbes, mammalian cells are fragile, have a slow doubling time (app. 24h), and need complex growth media. The cells are also easily contaminated with mycoplasma, so it is necessary to work completely sterile, when handling mammalian cells(1). So what's the deal with these high maintenance cells?

Mammalian cell factories

Mammalian cell cultures represent a suitable and stabile gene expression system and are often used as cell factories for production of biopharmaceuticals. Heterologous protein expression in a suitable host is central in production of biopharmaceuticals, therefore mammalian cell cultures are widely used for production of therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies, growth hormones, and cytokines used for a wide array of diseases(4). Heterologous proteins require complex post-translational modifications such as glycosylation, gamma-carboxylation, and site specific proteolysis, which only mammalian cells are capable of performing. Moreover, mammalian cells have the unique capability to authentically process, fold and modify secreted human proteins (1). The effect of post-translationally modifications are protein stability, proper ligand binding, and reduced risk of immunogenicity (2). Most of the therapeutic proteins approved and currently in development are post-translationally modified (3). However, the genetic tools used for constructing mammalian cells vectors are based on outworn methods, and since 60-70% of all recombinant protein pharmaceuticals are produced in mammalian cells, there is a desperate need for simpler and more efficient cloning techniques (5).

The U-2 OS cell line

The U-2 OS cell line, originally known as the 2T line, is an immortalized human-derived cell line that was established in 1964. The original cells were taken from bone tissue of the tibia of a 15 year old girl suffering from osteosarcoma. An immortalized cell line has acquired ability to proliferate indefinitely through either random mutation or modifications such as artificial expression of the telomerase gene. Several cell lines are well established as representatives of certain cell types. U-2 OS cells show epithelial adherent morphology, and no viruses have been detected in the cell line. In comparison, the HeLa cell line contain the well known HPV virus. They are also very good-looking in a confocal microscope, and therefore U-2 OS was chosen for proof of concept of Plug 'n’ Play in mammalian cells.

Transient transfection

Transient expression is the ability to express a heterologous DNA during a short period of time, which allows fast production of a desired protein. A high copy number of plasmids are introduced into the cells, and expression may be transitory over a period of time until the DNA is lost from the population. This allows protein characterization or to verify the integrity, functionality, and the efficiency of different recombinant vectors. Production of large amount of recombinant protein has been reported for transient expression system on large scale. A small number of the transfected cells may incorporate the exogenous DNA into their genome by recombination leading to a stable transfection of a gene (6).

The mammalian expression vectors have a multiple cloning site (MCS). The gene of interest is therefore required to hold restriction sites compatible with the expression vector and the insertion of the gene is achieved by ligase. The method is often cumbersome in construction of the expression vector. Furthermore, the integration of the gene of interest in the expression vector by restriction enzymes and ligases has low efficiency as well as provide high number of false-positive results(6).

Proof of concept

A number of different plasmids were assembled by the Plug ‘n’ Play system in order to verify that the system functions in mammalian cells. To demonstrate how fast any vector of choice for the expression in mammalian cells can be assembled, we designed a reporter system as proof of concept.
All the mammalian plasmids for proof of concept were constructed with the same strong constitutive cytomegalovirus (CMV) promotor, the BGH terminator, the marker cassette of Hygromycin, and the mammalian backbone, BBa_K678023. Different fluorescence reporter genes were used as the gene of interest. Furthermore, GFP was targeted to the peroxisomes to demonstrate that this reporter system is easily modified and can be suited for studies in gene expression. All transient transfections were performed in the human derived cell line U-2 OS, kindly given to us by the Danish Cancer Society.
We succeeded in proving that the Plug ‘n’ Play assembly system is easily applied for costruction of mammalian expression vectors. Transfection and expression of the fluorescence proteins GFP, mCherry, YFP, and CFP were successfully conducted in U-2 OS. Furthermore, expression of GFP targeted to the peroxisomes of U-2 OS cells succeeded. It was also shown that mammalian cells can be transfected with different fluorescence proteins at the same time. The transfected U-2 OS were fixed using 4% formaldehyde, and VECTASHIELD was added to prevent rapid loss of fluorescence while examining the cells with a confocal microscope.
This reporter system could be used for localization of proteins to specific organelles, which would allow study of the organelles in real time. Further development of this system could lead to targeting of different compartments with different fluorescence proteins at the same time.

pJEJAM1 BBa_K678049

BBa_K678049 is a plasmid intended for transient transfection of mammalian cells. The expression of the green fluorescence protein is under the control of the strong constitutive CMV promoter, which can be seen in the figure below.

U-2 OS cells transiently transfected with plasmid BBa_K678049 expressing GFP. This vector provides a good expression and homogenous distribution of GFP. The white bar has a length of 20μm.	U-2 OS cells transiently transfected with pJEJAM1 expressing GFP. This vector provides a good expression and homogenous distribution of GFP. The white bar has a length of 20μm.

pJEJAM2 BBa_K678050

BBa_K678050 is a plasmid intended for transient transfection of mammalian cells. The expression of the green fluorescence protein (GFP) is under the control of the strong constitutive CMV promoter (see the figure below. The peroxisomal targeting signal PTS1 is directly fused to the C-terminal of GFP, this sequence ensures the localization of GFP to the peroxisomes of the cell.

U-2 OS cells transiently transfected with plasmid BBa_K678050 expressing GFP localized to the peroxisomes. As can be seen on the picture this vector as intended localizes GFP to the peroxisomes of the cells. The white bar has a length of 30μm.

pJEJAM3 BBa_K678051

BBa_K678051 is a plasmid intended for transient transfection of mammalian cells. The expression of the yellow fluorescence protein (YFP), is under the control of the strong constitutive CMV promoter (see the figure below).

U-2 OS cells transiently transfected with plasmid BBa_K678051 expressing YFP. This vector provides a good expression and homogenous distribution of YFP. The white bar has a length of 40μm.	U-2 OS cells transiently transfected with plasmid BBa_K678051 expressing YFP. This vector provides a good expression and homogenous distribution of YFP. The white bar has a length of 30μm.

pJEJAM4 BBa_K678052

BBa_K678052 is a plasmid intended for transient transfection of mammalian cells. The expression of mCherry, a red fluorescence protein, is under the control of the strong constitutive CMV promoter (see the figure below).

U-2 OS cells transiently transfected with plasmid BBa_K678052 expressing mCherry. This vector provides a good expression and homogenous distribution of mCherry. The white bar has a length of 70μm.	U-2 OS cells transiently transfected with plasmid BBa_K678052 expressing mCherry. This vector provides a good expression and homogenous distribution of mCherry. The white bar has a length of 50μm.

pJEJAM5 BBa_K678053

BBa_K678053 is a plasmid intended for transient transfection of mammalian cells. The expression of cyan fluorescence protein (CFP), is under the control of the strong constitutive CMV promoter (see the figure below).

U-2 OS cells transiently transfected with plasmid BBa_K678053 expressing CFP. This vector provides a good expression and homogenous distribution of CFP. The white bar has a length of 70μm.	U-2 OS cells transiently transfected with plasmid pJEJAM5 expressing CFP. This vector provides a good expression and homogenous distribution of CFP. The white bar has a length of 50μm.

Play'n'Mix

Mammalian cells can be transiently transfected with several plasmids at once, allowing the simultaneous expression of different fluorescence proteins. The pictures below demonstrate different combinations of fluorescent proteins.

U-2 OS cells transiently transfected with plasmids BBa_K678050 and BBa_K678053 expressing GFP localized to the peroxisomes and CFP. The white bar has a length of 30μm.	U-2 OS cells transiently transfected with plasmids BBa_K678049 and BBa_K678053 expressing GFP and CFP. The white bar has a length of 30μm.
U-2 OS cells transiently transfected with plasmids BBa_K678049 and BBa_K678052 expressing GFP and mCherry. The white bar has a length of 70μm.	U-2 OS cells transiently transfected with plasmids BBa_K678052 and BBa_K678053 expressing YFP and CFP. The white bar has a length of 40μm.

References

(1) Mueller, P.P., Wirth, D., Unsinger, J. & Hauser, H., 2003. Genetic Approaches to Recombinant Protein Production in Mammalian Cells. In Handbook of Industrial Cell Culture. Humana Press Inc. pp.21-49.

(2) Browne, SM., Al-Rubeai, M. (2007). Selection methods for high-producing mammalian cell lines. TRENDS in Biotechnology, 25, 425-432.

(3) Walsh, W., Jefferis, R. (2006). Post-translational modifications in the context of therapeutic proteins. Nature Biotechnology, 24, 1241-1252.

(4) Xie, L., Zhou, W., & Robinson, D.,2003. Protein production by large-scale mammalian cell culture. S.C. Makrides (Ed.) Gene Transfer and Expression in Mammalian Cells. Elsevier Science B.V.

(5) Wurm, F. M. (2004). Production of recombinant protein therapeutics in cultivated mammalian cells. Nature biotechnology, 22(11), pp. 1393-8.

(6) Bollati-Fogolín, M. & Comini, M.A., 2008. Cloning and expression of heterologous proteins in animal cells. In Animal Cell Technology. Taylor & Francis Group. pp.39-73.