Team:Potsdam Bioware/Project/Details Phage

Phage Display

Summary
Phage Display is an efficient tool for selecting protein or peptides with specific binding properties from a large recombinant library. This proteins are represented on the surface of bacteriophages. This enables the coupling of phenotype and stable packaged genotype because the proteins which form the phage including the proteins of interest are coded in its genome. To test the suitability of phage display system as an appropriate screening method for recombinant mdnA libraries a vector containing a mdnA-myc-gene III fusion gene was generated. This vector contains a plasmid origin of replication, so it can be amplified like plasmids. Additionally it contains a f1 ori which enables the packaging of single strand DNA into phages. The vector also contains the whole mdn-cluster which is needed to produce the MdnA peptide. Between mdnA and gene III a myc-tag for detection is located. The successful expression of the mdnA-myc-gene III-fusion protein on the surface of the phage was determined by ELISA test using anti-myc-antibodies after transforming E. coli cells and purifying the produced phages. The next step was the performance of a phage display. To test the fundamental suitability of this screening method, phages representing mdnA on their surface and phages not representing mdnA in a ratio of one to one were incubated with immobilised trypsin which is known as a target of mdnA. After one panning round a marked concentrating of phages carrying mdnA was recognized.


Cloning strategy

The phage display vector pPDV089 was derived from the plasmid pARW089 which carries the whole mdn-cluster. This plasmid contains a plasmid origin of replication and additionally a f1 ori which enables the packaging of single strand DNA into phages. For selective amplification ampcillin and kanamycin resistance genes are included. To create the phagemid pPDV089 standard cloning procedure were performed. First mdnA was deleted by excising using the restriction enzymes SfoI and AatII. The next step comprised the introduction of a mdnA-gene III-fusion gene. Therefore gene III was amplified from pak100blaKDIR and mdnA from pARW089 by PCR. The primers were designed to enable the introduction of iGEM and other restriction sites required for further cloning steps. The purified PCR product gene III was digested by NgoMIV and AatII whereas the PCR product mdnA was digested by SfoI and AgeI. Subsequent the three fragment ligation of mdnA and gene III into the digested vector has been conducted. Thus a mdnA-gene III-fusion part according to RFC25 was generated whereby AgeI and NgoMIV overhangs are compatible and placed in frame with the protein sequence. The ligation of AgeI and NgoMIV overhangs resulted in a scar coding for the threonine and glycine. Because the introduction of restriction sites before mdnA leaded to a great distance between ribosome binding site and mdnA a second RBS was inserted among SfoI and XbaI recognition sites to ensure a sufficiently expression rate of the mdnA-gene III-fusion gene. The myc sequence located between mdnA and gene III allows the detection of the expression of the mdnA-gene III-fusion protein on the surface of the phage using western blot or ELISA. In the last step the kanamycin resistance gene was disturbed because for phage display the selection of cells carriyng both helper phages and the phagemid is beneficial and the helper phages have a kanamycin resistance too. Therefore a 300 bp fragment of the kanamycin resistance gene was deleted using the restriction enzyme NsiI which had two recognition sites in the kanamycin gene.

Cloning strategy for creating a plasmid which can be used for phage display with mdnA.MdnA was cut out of the vector and a mdnA-myc-geneIII fusion gene was created and ligated with the vector pARW089 containing the mdn-cluster without mdnA.	Designed vector pPDV089 carrying the mdnA-myc-gene III fusion gene.Therefore the mdnA sequence was cut out of the vector pARW089 and the ligated mdnA-myc-geneIII gene was inserted
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Detection of phages carrying mdnA on their surface by ELISA

The next step was the detection of the expression of the mdnA-myc-gene III-fusion gene on the surface of the phage. So E. coli cells strains XL1-Blue and ER2738 were first transformed with the phagemid pPDV089 before they were infected with helper phages. E. coli cells containing both plasmids were selected. An ELISA test was performed to determine whether these cells are able to produce phage particles carrying the mdnA peptide on their surface. To perform this test anti-c-myc-antibodies were immobilized on ELISA plates and incubated with purified phages. For detection a second antibody coupled with horse radish peroxidase (HRP) was used which binds the gene VIII protein of the phages. The HRP substrate 3,3'-5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was added and in case of binding a color reaction was expected. The color shift from achromatic to yellow in wells incubated with phages produced in XL1-Blue cells showed the successful expression of mdnA-c-myc-gene III-fusion protein on the phages.In wells incubated with infected ER2738 cells no color change was obserevd. That might be due to the fact that a mistake during phage purification was noticed.
For more precise results the absorption from 450 – 600 nm was measured. The data were presented in a bar plot. As a negative control helper phages were added instead of produced phages. Furthermore two wells were prepared were the secondary antibody was not added. The graphic shows clearly the much higher absorption measured in wells, which were incubated with phage particles of interest produced in XL1-Blue cells. As has already pointed out this shows the succeeded expression of mdnA-c-myc-gene III-fusion protein on the surface of the phages.

Detection of phages carrying mdnA on their surface by ELISA. The bar plot shows the absorption at 490 nm. Anti-myc-antibodies were immobilized. For detection a second antibody coupled with horse radish peroxidase (HRP) was used which binds the gene VIII coat protein of the phages. The left bar shows the absorption of the wells containing helper phages (negative control), the right bar shows the absorption of wells containing mdnA carrying phages

Testing phage display with unmodified mdnA to examine its suitability as screening method

To test the fundamental suitability of this screening method, phages representing unmodified mdnA on their surface and phages not representing mdnA (helper phages) in a ratio of one to one were incubated with immobilized trypsin which is known as a target of mdnA. The display was conducted in ELISA plates. The bound phages were eluted using a buffer with low pH value and neutralized afterwards. To check how many phages interacted with trypsin, E. coli cells XL1-Blue were re-infected with eluted phages and plated on agar with different antibiotics. Cells infected with phages carrying mdnA are able to grow on agar with ampicillin whereas cells infected with helper phages are able to grow on agar with kanamycin. To control the success of the panning round additionally E. coli cells were infected with phage mix before panning and plated on agar. Subsequent the number of clones grew on ampicillin and kanamycin before and after panning was compared. During the running of this step it was noticed that much more cells were infected with helper phages than with phages carrying mdnA despite of the engaged 1:1 ratio. This was surprising and indicated that mdnA on the surface of the phages may inhibit their infectivity. After controlling the plates an infection ratio of phages carrying mdnA to helper phages of 1:400 was calculated. This fact should be analyzed in further experiments.
The results of the first phage display are plotted in the figure below. After one panning round an enrichment of phages carrying mdnA was expected. This is attributable to the fact that phage particles carrying mdnA-c-myc-gene III-fusion protein on their surface are expected to bind specifically to the immobilized trypsin. Unfortunately this was not observed in this experiment. The ratio of cells growing on kanamycin agar before (4000) to cells growing on kanamycin agar (cells containing helper phages) after panning (750) was determined as 5:1. The ratio of cells growing on ampicillin agar before (12) to cells growing on ampicillin agar (cells containing mdnA carrying phages) after panning (2) was nearly equal. Thus no enrichment of mdnA carrying phages occurred in the first experiment. So it was decided to repeat this experiment under improved conditions. Therefor the number of washing steps during the described experimental procedure was increased. Here the ratio of cells growing on kanamycin agar before (3000) to cells growing on kanamycin agar (cells containing helper phages) after panning (29) was determined as 103:1. The ratio of cells growing on ampicillin agar before (26) to cells growing on ampicillin agar (cells containing mdnA carrying phages) after panning (2) was determined as 13:1. Thus an enrichment factor of eight was reached for the phages displaying mdnA on their surface.
These results indicate that the unmodified mdnA expressed on the phages binds specifically to the immobilized trypsin. Therefore it can be deduced that mdnA is presented in a functional 3D structure. These findings suggest that phage display in general is an appropriate method for screening a recombinant mdnA library. Further experiments are required to optimize this system.