Team:Peking R/Project

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   <p>Recently, RNA devices have emerged as  powerful tools to regulate gene expression in vivo, and particularly,  ligand-responsive riboswitches enable us to manipulate translation strength of  specific genes upon different concentrations of ligands [5]. Ligand-responsive  riboswitches regulate the translation rate of downstream gene by changing  conformations, cleaving or splicing upon external addition of ligand. Compared  with transcriptional and post-translational regulation, riboswitches function  through allostery of RNA structure, which requires little or no assistance from  proteins, so the regulation mechanism is relatively simpler and their functions  are more decoupled from native biological activities. In our project, we  selected riboswitches as the genetic rheostats.</p>
   <p>Recently, RNA devices have emerged as  powerful tools to regulate gene expression in vivo, and particularly,  ligand-responsive riboswitches enable us to manipulate translation strength of  specific genes upon different concentrations of ligands [5]. Ligand-responsive  riboswitches regulate the translation rate of downstream gene by changing  conformations, cleaving or splicing upon external addition of ligand. Compared  with transcriptional and post-translational regulation, riboswitches function  through allostery of RNA structure, which requires little or no assistance from  proteins, so the regulation mechanism is relatively simpler and their functions  are more decoupled from native biological activities. In our project, we  selected riboswitches as the genetic rheostats.</p>
   <p>We characterized some existing  riboswitches, namely thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-responsive hammerhead  ribozymes and theophylline riboswitches. By altering the upstream promoter and  downstream coding sequence of the RNA controllers, we demonstrated that their  performance was independent from sequence context, which proved that these RNA  devices are modular.</p>
   <p>We characterized some existing  riboswitches, namely thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-responsive hammerhead  ribozymes and theophylline riboswitches. By altering the upstream promoter and  downstream coding sequence of the RNA controllers, we demonstrated that their  performance was independent from sequence context, which proved that these RNA  devices are modular.</p>
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   <p>To further extend the range of application  of our genetic rheostats, we created a ribozyme that functions with a different  mechanism, which has an extreme low level of backgrounds. We substituted the  aptamer domain of c-di-GMP group Intron to theophylline-responsive aptamer,  thus invented a group I intron that senses theophylline to perform splicing  function. Moreover, we introduced a general method to evolve hammerhead  ribozyme that senses a new ligand. By coupling an adenine aptamer with  hammerhead ribozyme and randomizing nucleotides in the linker domain, we  evolved new hammerhead ribozymes through dual selection, whose self-cleavage  could be regulated by adenine. Our project provided a new design principle for  rational or semi-rational design of genetic rheostats. </p>
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   <p>To further extend the range of application  of our genetic rheostats, we created a ribozyme that functions with a different  mechanism, which has an extreme low level of backgrounds. We substituted the  aptamer domain of c-di-GMP group Intron to theophylline-responsive aptamer,  thus invented a group I intron that senses theophylline to perform splicing  function. Moreover, we provided a general method to evolve genetic rheostats that senses new ligands. By coupling an adenine aptamer with  hammerhead ribozyme and randomizing nucleotides in the linker domain, we  evolved a novel genetic rheostat through dual selection, whose self-cleavage  could be regulated by adenine. The method provided here is user-friendly. </p>
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   <p class="picturemark">Figure  1. A) The tertiary structure of natural TPP aptamer. B) Measure the translation ratio curves of P1G1 and 1G1 in the absence of arabinose with a theophylline  gradient. C) The design of the  engineered group I intron with theophylline ribozyme. D) Schematic illustration of  the dual genetic selection process of gene switches</p>
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   <p class="picturemark">Figure  1. A) The tertiary structure of natural TPP aptamer. B) Activation fold of translation of P1G1 and 1G1 under a gradient of TPP. C) The design of the  engineered group I intron with theophylline aptamer. D) Schematic illustration of  the dual genetic selection process of genetic rheostat</p>
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   <p><strong>RBS  Calculator (<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Peking_R/Project/RBSAutomatedDesign">Learn more...</a>)</strong></p>
   <p><strong>RBS  Calculator (<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Peking_R/Project/RBSAutomatedDesign">Learn more...</a>)</strong></p>
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   <p>In bacteria, ribosomal binding site (RBS)  sequence is one of the most important determinants of translational  initiation/translation strength. Therefore manipulating RBS sequence would  significantly affect the relative translation strength of downstream gene. Salis <em>et.al.</em> [6] used Gibbs energy  (∆G) of the &ldquo;docked&rdquo; state of the mRNA-30S ribosomal subunit complex to predict  the translation strength of RBS sequence. Based on their pioneering work, we  developed an RBS calculator that correlated the performance of the RNA  controllers under certain concentration of ligand to relative translation  strength met by corresponding RBS sequence. Combining this RBS calculator with  our genetic rheostats, we can generate an RBS sequence through automated design  once we achieved an ideal configuration of genetic programs through genetic  rheostats.</p>
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   <p>Since the genetic rheostat tunes translation by decreasing or increasing the probability of RBS exposure, which is proportional to translation strength, we can achieve the mapping process merely by determining the translation strength of the fully exposed RBS. Conventionally, translation strength was calibrated with a library of RBS mutants. But this approach is not truly reliable, because the strength of RBS strongly depends on the surrounding sequence, for instance the coding sequence. Salis <em>et.al.</em> [6] used Gibbs energy  (∆G) of the &ldquo;docked&rdquo; state of the mRNA-30S ribosomal subunit complex to predict  the translation strength of RBS sequence. Based on their pioneering work, we  developed an RBS calculator that correlated the performance of the RNA  controllers under certain concentration of ligand to relative translation  strength met by corresponding RBS sequence. Combining this RBS calculator with  our genetic rheostats, we can generate an RBS sequence through automated design  once we achieved an ideal configuration of genetic programs through genetic  rheostats.</p>
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   <p class="mainbody"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/4/4a/PekingR_project_description_Figure_1.png" alt="" width="640" height="480" /></p>
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   <p><strong>Demonstration of softcoding  platform (<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Peking_R/Project/Application">learn more...</a>)</strong></p>
   <p><strong>Demonstration of softcoding  platform (<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Peking_R/Project/Application">learn more...</a>)</strong></p>
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   <p>We utilized the platform to fine-tune performance of two genetic circuits to acquire AND gate performance and  bistable switch behavior, respectively.</p>
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   <p>We utilized the genetic rheostat and RBS calculator combination to fine-tune two genetic circuits, as proof of principle. The results demonstrate that, for given gene circuit, our genetic rheostat and RBS calculator combination can not only determine its function-translation strength map but also can precisely predict and implement any desired possible function.</p>
   <p class="mainbody"><a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Peking_R/Project/Application/AG">AND gate</a></p>
   <p class="mainbody"><a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Peking_R/Project/Application/AG">AND gate</a></p>
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       <td><p class="picturemark">Figure 3. AND gate performance regulated by  different concentration of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). The on/off ratio of  AND gate increases with ligand concentration, while the single induction of  arabinose is diminished, resulting in a well performed AND gate.</p></td>
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       <td><p class="picturemark">Figure 3. AND gate performance modulated by  different concentration of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). The on/off ratio of  AND gate increases with ligand concentration, resulting in a well performed AND gate.</p></td>
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       <td><p class="picturemark">Figure 4<strong>.</strong>  Fluorescence images of <em>E.coli</em> DH5α strain  populations with different plasmids from bistable switch mutant library. Each plasmid contains different ribosome binding sites (RBSs) which control the  expression of <em>cI434 </em>gene, demonstrating that the ratiometric of green cells to red cells is correlated with translation  strength. </p></td>
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       <td><p class="picturemark">Figure 4<strong>.</strong>  Fluorescence images of <em>E.coli</em> DH5α strain  populations bearing different bistable switch mutants. Each mutant contains different ribosome binding sites (RBSs) controlling the  expression of <em>cI434 </em>. The ratiometric of green cells to red cells for each mutant bistable was precisely predicted by RBS calculator. </p></td>
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   <p class="mainbody"> <a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Peking_R/Project/Application/VIO">violacein biosynthetic pathway</a></p>
   <p class="mainbody"> <a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Peking_R/Project/Application/VIO">violacein biosynthetic pathway</a></p>
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   <p class="mainbody">We further applied this platform to  optimize a segment of violacein biosynthetic pathway, and achieved  producing purer desired products. </p>
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   <p class="mainbody">We further applied this methodology  to  fine-tune violacein biosynthetic pathway. with genetic rheostat and RBS calculator, we could establish the quantitative correlation between the product purity, and the translation strength of VioE, and then find optimal RBS sequence to fix product purity at desired value. </p>
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       <td><p>Figure 5.  <em>E. coli</em> producing pigments. When induced by arabinose, the engineered <em>E. coli </em>produced dark-green pigments.  Upon addition of different concentration of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), the  color of the bacteria gradually shifted from dark-green to dark-brown.</p></td>
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       <td><p>Figure 5.  <em>E. coli</em> producing pigments. The engineered <em>E. coli </em>produced dark-green pigments.  Upon addition of different concentration of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), the  color of the bacteria gradually shifted from dark-green to dark-brown.</p></td>
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Latest revision as of 02:37, 29 October 2011

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Softcoding of Genetic Program


Background of softcoding

There are basically two design principles in computer programming: hardcoding and softcoding. Hardcoding [1] refers to the practice of embedding parameters and functions into the source code of a program, whereas soft coding [2] obtains values and functions from external source. Hardcoding would be convenient when no dynamic parameters are required in the program, but the source code should be rewritten anytime the input data or functions change. On the contrary, softcoding enables users to customize the function of software to their needs by altering external input, without having to edit the program’s source code time after time.

In the exciting field of synthetic biology, various genetic programs have been developed to perform certain functions in living organisms. For instance, a genetic toggle switch in vivo was developed that could be switched between two states by chemical or thermal induction [3]. Another example is that an oscillatory network was constructed in which the synthesis of green fluorescent protein was periodically induced [4]. Yet genetic programs need optimization to achieve ideal performance, especially when several genetic modules are coupled. Besides, optimization of metabolic pathways is also a key issue in the field of metabolic engineering.

Traditional methods to optimize genetic programs or metabolic pathways generally involve construction of libraries that contain large amounts of mutants, and multi-round screening or iterative design is usually required. Apart from the obvious drawback that the constructing and screening procedures are laborious and time-consuming, these methods could only generate mutants with a fixed configuration, and to fine-tune their performance would require another round of mutagenesis and selection, which resembles “hardcoding”. Therefore, a platform for “softcoding” of genetic programs is urgently needed.

 


Softcoding Approach

Based on the principle of softcoding, this year our team established an extensible and versatile platform for softcoding of genetic program, which is composed of “genetic rheostats” and an “RBS calculator”: genetic rheostats consist of interoperable and truly modular ligand-responsive riboswitches/ribozymes, while the RBS calculator is automated design of synthetic ribosomal binding sites (RBS) with customized relative translation strength. When combining them together, a quantitative correlation between the concentration of specific ligand and synthetic RBS’ relative translation strength can be established. Therefore, when tuning genetic program, customized RBS’ relative translation strength at multiple sites can be high-throughputly achieved without having to conduct laborious mutagenesis and characterization, followed by easily determining the configuration of RBS(s)’ relative translation strength. Then RBS sequences that meet this configuration will be automatically designed via computer algorithms.

 



Genetic Rheostats (Learn more...)

Recently, RNA devices have emerged as powerful tools to regulate gene expression in vivo, and particularly, ligand-responsive riboswitches enable us to manipulate translation strength of specific genes upon different concentrations of ligands [5]. Ligand-responsive riboswitches regulate the translation rate of downstream gene by changing conformations, cleaving or splicing upon external addition of ligand. Compared with transcriptional and post-translational regulation, riboswitches function through allostery of RNA structure, which requires little or no assistance from proteins, so the regulation mechanism is relatively simpler and their functions are more decoupled from native biological activities. In our project, we selected riboswitches as the genetic rheostats.

We characterized some existing riboswitches, namely thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-responsive hammerhead ribozymes and theophylline riboswitches. By altering the upstream promoter and downstream coding sequence of the RNA controllers, we demonstrated that their performance was independent from sequence context, which proved that these RNA devices are modular.

To further extend the range of application of our genetic rheostats, we created a ribozyme that functions with a different mechanism, which has an extreme low level of backgrounds. We substituted the aptamer domain of c-di-GMP group Intron to theophylline-responsive aptamer, thus invented a group I intron that senses theophylline to perform splicing function. Moreover, we provided a general method to evolve genetic rheostats that senses new ligands. By coupling an adenine aptamer with hammerhead ribozyme and randomizing nucleotides in the linker domain, we evolved a novel genetic rheostat through dual selection, whose self-cleavage could be regulated by adenine. The method provided here is user-friendly.

 

 

Figure 1. A) The tertiary structure of natural TPP aptamer. B) Activation fold of translation of P1G1 and 1G1 under a gradient of TPP. C) The design of the engineered group I intron with theophylline aptamer. D) Schematic illustration of the dual genetic selection process of genetic rheostat


RBS Calculator (Learn more...)

Since the genetic rheostat tunes translation by decreasing or increasing the probability of RBS exposure, which is proportional to translation strength, we can achieve the mapping process merely by determining the translation strength of the fully exposed RBS. Conventionally, translation strength was calibrated with a library of RBS mutants. But this approach is not truly reliable, because the strength of RBS strongly depends on the surrounding sequence, for instance the coding sequence. Salis et.al. [6] used Gibbs energy (∆G) of the “docked” state of the mRNA-30S ribosomal subunit complex to predict the translation strength of RBS sequence. Based on their pioneering work, we developed an RBS calculator that correlated the performance of the RNA controllers under certain concentration of ligand to relative translation strength met by corresponding RBS sequence. Combining this RBS calculator with our genetic rheostats, we can generate an RBS sequence through automated design once we achieved an ideal configuration of genetic programs through genetic rheostats.

 

figure 2 Schematic representation of genetic soft-coding approach and the role of RBS calculator.

 


Demonstration of softcoding platform (learn more...)

We utilized the genetic rheostat and RBS calculator combination to fine-tune two genetic circuits, as proof of principle. The results demonstrate that, for given gene circuit, our genetic rheostat and RBS calculator combination can not only determine its function-translation strength map but also can precisely predict and implement any desired possible function.

AND gate

   
 

Figure 3. AND gate performance modulated by different concentration of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). The on/off ratio of AND gate increases with ligand concentration, resulting in a well performed AND gate.

 

 

Bistable switch

   
 

Figure 4. Fluorescence images of E.coli DH5α strain populations bearing different bistable switch mutants. Each mutant contains different ribosome binding sites (RBSs) controlling the expression of cI434 . The ratiometric of green cells to red cells for each mutant bistable was precisely predicted by RBS calculator.

 

violacein biosynthetic pathway

We further applied this methodology to fine-tune violacein biosynthetic pathway. with genetic rheostat and RBS calculator, we could establish the quantitative correlation between the product purity, and the translation strength of VioE, and then find optimal RBS sequence to fix product purity at desired value.

   
 

Figure 5. E. coli producing pigments. The engineered E. coli produced dark-green pigments. Upon addition of different concentration of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), the color of the bacteria gradually shifted from dark-green to dark-brown.

 

 

 


Reference:

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_coding
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softcoding

[3].Gardner, Timothy S. et. al. (2000). Construction of a genetic toggleswitch in Escherichia coli. Nature 403, 339-342 [4].Elowitz, Michael B. and Leibler, Stanislas (2000). A synthetic oscillatory network of transcriptional regulators. Nature 403, 335-338 [5].Breaker, Ronald R (2004).Natural and engineered nucleicacids as tools to explore biology. Nature 432, 838-845
[6].Salis, Howard M et.al. (2009). Automated design of synthetic ribosome binding sitesto control protein expression. Nat. Biotech. 27, 946-950