Team:Peking R/HumanPractice

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   <p class="notbookmaintitle">  Investigation of Antibiotic Use and</p>
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   <p class="notbookmaintitle">  &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;   &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;  Human Practice Home</p>
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  <p class="notbookmaintitle"> Related Biosafety Issues: What's </p>
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  <p class="notbookmaintitle">happening out there and further. </p>
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   <p class="clickteam">In order to investigate the extent to which laboratories  understand biosafety issues in regard to antibiotic use, we have carried out a  survey involving about 150 participants (including  researchers from laboratories in the College of Life sciences and College of  Chemistry and Molecular Engineering in Peking University, and employees at a  few sequencing companies) who responded to a series  of questions related with treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the  laboratory. (For the majority of the participants, who are non-English  speakers, a Chinese version of the questionnaire was provided so that  difficulties in understanding survey questions were minimized.)<br />
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    According to the responses given by the  number of participants who have responded, it may be concluded that, in  general, laboratory researchers are aware of potential safety issues related  with the use of antibiotic and resistance genes, but the level of awareness is  far from sufficient for restricting laboratory work in a way that minimizes  possible hazards as a consequence of microbes’ antibiotic resistance.<br />
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    The first few questions look into the extent to which  antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are employed in laboratory  research. It may be seen that over eighty percent of laboratories use ARB for  at least half of their experiments (Q2), and that approximately one fifth of  them use bacteria with multi-antibiotic resistance (Q3). Therefore, there  exists a large pool of antibiotic resistance that is foreseeable threats to the  environment.<br />
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  Question 2</p>
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  Question 3</p>
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        A.Mostly    multi-antibiotic resistant(2.56%) </td>
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       <p>Current situation</p></th>
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       <td width="359" nowrap="nowrap"><p align="left" class="clickteam">B.Half    are multi-antibiotic resistant(17.95%)</p></td>
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        <p class="mainbody"><span class="mainbasic">Recent <span class="lean">E.coli</span> outbreak in Europe has reminded us the fact that<strong> bacterial antibiotic resistance</strong> has been a worldwide hazard to public health. Though antibiotics have been considered as the primary solution to most infectious diseases and have saved billions of lives since their discovery, more and more bacterium become resistant against them. Scientists have to struggle to develop new kinds of antibiotics while how long these new antibiotics could keep effective remains doubtful. Besides, it is quit common to find bacteria pollution on antibiotic medium, even on multi-antibiotic medium, in microbiology lab. We must do something to improve this terrible situation.
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          In order to investigate the extent to which laboratories understand biosafety issues regarding antibiotic usage, we have carried out a survey involving about 150 participants, for more information, please click 'investigation'. </span></p>
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       <td width="397" nowrap="nowrap" colspan="2"><p align="left" class="clickteam">C.Only    a few are multi-antibiotic resistant(46.15%)</p></td>
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       <td width="359" nowrap="nowrap"><p align="left" class="clickteam">D.Almost    none(33.33%)</p></td>
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  <p class="clickteam">The  next set of questions investigates whether used or unwanted ARB is  appropriately processed in laboratories.<br />
 
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    The  respondents all showed adequate levels of understanding in issues concerning  possible threats induced by abandoned ARB in the laboratory. Almost equal  proportions of respondents pointed out one of the four major consequences,  respectively(Q9). Unfortunately, statistics revealed that over one third of the  respondents reported that used ARB is never or only occasionally processed in  safe and professional ways, and that a considerable portion of them has no  special attention paid to the issue (Q5). Besides, results for Question 6 indicated  that very few (&lt;3%) laboratory researchers have been clearly informed of how  laboratory waste should be processed in their department/organization. Even if  they have somehow been informed, they did not pay much attention because they believed  that laboratory waste is being appropriately processed. It is interesting that  though people know that something like this may have negative effect on our  life, they believe that there will be someone else to be responsible for such  things. To make matters worse, more than half of the laboratories directly  dispose of materials that have been in direct contact with microbes, while some  others care little about the matter (Q8). This further adds to the potential  danger of pollution and transfer of antibiotic resistance to microbes in the  environment. Thus it seems that what is more urgent is not informing  researchers of potential safety hazards of ARB but how to strictly and  effectively regulate laboratory procedures to prevent these hazards. Most researchers  know the consequences of their behavior, but few would take the time and effort  to implement the right measures, probably because public health and environment  have not yet experienced crises of sufficiently alarming levels, which we  strongly wish, of course, to avoid.<br />
 
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  Question 5</p>
 
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         A.Almost    always discard directly or pour into sewage(15.91%) </td>
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         <p class="mainbasic"><strong>Inappropriate  use</strong> of antibiotics is a major cause of bacterial  antibiotic resistance. Medical practitioners depend heavily on antibiotics and  abuse them; the public can get access to antibiotics without prescriptions, and  does not strictly follow recommend dose at all times. Therefore the antibiotic  resistance bacteria were selected and further spreaded.</p>
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        <p class="mainbasic">To make things worse, antibiotics are also  widely used in agriculture. Though easily ignored, agriculture costs most  antibiotics that are produced, and the antibiotic abuse usually evades appropriate  supervision. <br />
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          <strong>Researchers</strong>, being too familiar with antibiotic-resistant bacteria to treat  them with caution, may also jeopardize public health even if they have  undergone professional training in biosafety. Moreover, with the development of  synthetic biology and standard toolkits, researchers without professional  backgrounds in biology may also get access to this field. This trend inevitably  increases the risk of biohazards.</p>
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       <td width="521" nowrap="nowrap"><p align="left" class="clickteam">B.Usually    discard directly and occasionally process them properly(22.73%)</p></td>
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       <td width="521" nowrap="nowrap"><p align="left" class="clickteam">C.Usually    process them properly but occasionally discard directly(21.59%)</p></td>
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       <th height="237" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="July" scope="row"><p class="mainbasic">It is necessary to<strong> inform the public</strong>, including farmers, of the appropriate way to  use antibiotics and medical practitioners should be well trained. The <strong>government</strong> should pay attention to the distribution and application of antibiotics. Also, it is never too troublesome for every researchers participating in biology research to take <strong>systematic training</strong> in biosafety.<br />
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      For the purpose of informing young people the right way to use antibiotics, we take a school visit. For more information,  please click <a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Peking_R/HumanPractice/SchoolVisit" >SchoolVisit</a>
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      <td width="521" nowrap="nowrap"><p align="left" class="clickteam">D.Always    properly process them separately with other waste(23.86%)</p></td>
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      <td width="521" nowrap="nowrap"><p align="left" class="clickteam">E.No    special attention has been paid(15.91%)</p></td>
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    In the final part of our survey, we  try to look at the attitudes towards possible approaches to ensure biosafety related to ARB. Most respondents chose to employ proper procedures for  processing used microbes in the laboratory rather than use special plasmids  that minimize HGT(Q12). This is in fact a more rational choice as adopting  special plasmids may lower researchers’ awareness of HGT and give rise to new  threats. As to whether the government should implement new policies to regulate  the processing of used ARB, most agreed, but some showed opposition(Q13)  contending that it might be troublesome in determining the details and that  still it would be difficult to make the policies work: the government is  unlikely supervise the treatment of RAB every minute. Besides, we also wander  whether the government will run the risk of impeding research progress by heavily  punishing laboratories for violating these policies.<br />
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    In conclusion, we would like to say that the regulation of antibiotics and ARB use is a matter much more complex  than previously estimated. First of all, it is hard to accurately predict what exactly happens after HGT takes place, i.e., whether HGT confers the  environment with genes that are useful or harmful to humans. Second, the  establishment of regulations on ARB use and waste processing in different  countries and regions will certainly encounter obstacles due to several concerns including financial support. Third, even if detailed and strict  procedures are established, laboratories may not be able to discipline  themselves and adhere to the standards. As we have seen above, the problem lies  not in the understanding, but rather in the attitudes and determination to  fight against the abuse and careless treatment of ARB. Besides, as current  trends imply that an increasing number of participants without professional  backgrounds in biology are involved in synthetic biology research, more  challenges are posed to the insurance of biosafety. Professional researchers  themselves may not strictly adhere to laboratory rules and restrictions, let  alone non-professional participants.<br />
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    However, nothing  should become a reason for us not to battle against the public health hazards  caused by ARB. We cannot afford to wait for greater outbreaks of superbugs or antibiotic-resistant pathogen infections before we build up our defense. We  strongly suggest that special agencies or departments funded by the government  be set up to collect and process used ARB in the laboratory. Laboratories  should make it a rule to separate all used microbes and materials that have  been in direct contact with bacteria or their DNA/RNA from other waste and hand  them over to the ARB processing agency. They may also process waste by  themselves, but must ensure that all of them are sterilized or treated with strong digestive solutions to break up the antibiotic resistance genes.</p>
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Latest revision as of 22:00, 5 October 2011

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          Human Practice Home

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Current situation

 

Recent E.coli outbreak in Europe has reminded us the fact that bacterial antibiotic resistance has been a worldwide hazard to public health. Though antibiotics have been considered as the primary solution to most infectious diseases and have saved billions of lives since their discovery, more and more bacterium become resistant against them. Scientists have to struggle to develop new kinds of antibiotics while how long these new antibiotics could keep effective remains doubtful. Besides, it is quit common to find bacteria pollution on antibiotic medium, even on multi-antibiotic medium, in microbiology lab. We must do something to improve this terrible situation. In order to investigate the extent to which laboratories understand biosafety issues regarding antibiotic usage, we have carried out a survey involving about 150 participants, for more information, please click 'investigation'.

 
CAUSE

 

Inappropriate use of antibiotics is a major cause of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Medical practitioners depend heavily on antibiotics and abuse them; the public can get access to antibiotics without prescriptions, and does not strictly follow recommend dose at all times. Therefore the antibiotic resistance bacteria were selected and further spreaded.

To make things worse, antibiotics are also widely used in agriculture. Though easily ignored, agriculture costs most antibiotics that are produced, and the antibiotic abuse usually evades appropriate supervision.
Researchers, being too familiar with antibiotic-resistant bacteria to treat them with caution, may also jeopardize public health even if they have undergone professional training in biosafety. Moreover, with the development of synthetic biology and standard toolkits, researchers without professional backgrounds in biology may also get access to this field. This trend inevitably increases the risk of biohazards.

 
SOLUTIONS

It is necessary to inform the public, including farmers, of the appropriate way to use antibiotics and medical practitioners should be well trained. The government should pay attention to the distribution and application of antibiotics. Also, it is never too troublesome for every researchers participating in biology research to take systematic training in biosafety.
For the purpose of informing young people the right way to use antibiotics, we take a school visit. For more information, please click SchoolVisit

 

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