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| - | This is '''Version 2.0''' of the Phage Reactor proposal. Version 1.0 is [[Team:Edinburgh/Phage Reactors 1.0|here]].
| + | #redirect [[Team:Edinburgh/Phage Reactors]] |
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| - | __TOC__
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| - | ==Overview==
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| - | There exist situations where:
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| - | * several enzymes are needed to produce the desired product
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| - | * these enzymes work synergistically
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| - | * these enzymes must work outside the cell
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| - | [[File:Phage-scaffold.png|right|thumb|303px|caption|This is what we want to build: phage with enzymes (coloured circles) fused to the protein coat.]]
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| - | This proposal allows for the construction of scaffolds containing several enzymes, as well as ensuring that this complex is exported from the cell. This is accomplished by using phage as the scaffold, and attaching enzymes to it by protein fusion.
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| - | There are probably many uses of an external reaction scaffold, so '''this technique is fairly general''' and could hopefully be used for many purposes, just by swapping in the correct BioBricks. One example is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosome cellulosome], which is a complex of cellulolytic enzymes that can be used to turn cellulose (tough plant material) into sugar, which can then be fermented into fuel.
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| - | ==Technical notes==
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| - | The project would probably use phage M13, which is non-lytic (does not kill the bacteria). The major coat protein (p8 aka pVIII) already exists in the Registry as <partinfo>BBa_M13008</partinfo>, although DNA is not available. The entire genome is known (e.g. [http://www.neb.com/nebecomm/tech_reference/restriction_enzymes/sequences/m13ko7.txt here] is the entire M13KO7 genome) so primers can be designed. New England Bioworks [http://www.neb.com/nebecomm/tech_reference/protein_tools/phdFaq.asp#1.6 claims]:
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| - | : ''"The major coat protein pVIII is present at ~2700 copies per virion, of which ~10% can be reliably fused to peptides or proteins."''
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| - | Phage itself can be ordered if needed, e.g. [http://www.neb.com/nebecomm/products/productN0315.asp here].
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| - | Proteins can be fused to pVIII at its amino terminal (i.e. 5' end in the DNA), according to [http://www.utoronto.ca/sidhulab/pdf/08.pdf Weiss and Sidhu, 2000]. We will need to tune expression levels of the fusion versus the wildtype protein.
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| - | We will infect our ''E. coli'' with (more or less) wildtype phage. Our ''E. coli'' will have a plasmid coding for
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| - | To attach several different proteins to the "reactor", different fusions can be created and all of them expressed on a plasmid. It may be simplest if this is a different plasmid from the phagemid, though plasmid compatibility will have to be kept in mind.
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| - | [[File:Phage-bead.png|right|thumb|200px|caption|Six M13 phage attached to a bead. Each phage could have different enzymes attached.]]
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| - | ===Genetic instability===
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| - | Chris notes that the presence of repeated sequences on a plasmid can lead to genetic instability, but this will not be a problem in lab strains, which lack an important recombination enzyme. As for the use of this technology in industry, it will be possible to overcome this problem simply by synthesising coding sequences with as many altered (but synonymous) codons as possible. The (non-iGEM?) group [http://partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=course&group=MIT%2020.109%20Spring07 MIT 20.109 Spring07] seem to have thought along these lines, e.g. compare <partinfo>BBa_M13008</partinfo> with <partinfo>BBa_M31281</partinfo>.
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| - | Maurice suggests a different approach: make several strains of bacteria each producing phage with just one type of pVIII-fusion. But also make each phage have a pIII-fusion with a protein which could bind some sort of bead. The bead now becomes the complete "reactor".
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| - | ==Problems==
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| - | The question is how efficiently fusions to pVIII can get onto the phage. There are some dire warnings in the literature:
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| - | * ''In our experience, most large proteins display well below one copy per phage particle.'' - [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022283699934654 Sidhu et al (2000)]
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| - | * ''The properties of the pIV channel may be one of the factors that limit the size of polypeptides that can be displayed on pVIII.'' - [http://www.immun.lth.se/fileadmin/immun/Avhandlingar/Fredrik_Karlsson.pdf Karlsson (2004)]
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| - | However, Maurice seemed quite upbeat about the prospects when we met him.
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| - | ==Testing==
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| - | As proof of concept (i.e. something we can accomplish in a short time) perhaps it would be sufficient to get just one fusion protein working. We need to prove that the enzyme part is actually getting out of the cell, so we must demonstrate that some substance which cannot enter the cell is nevertheless being degraded.
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| - | A fairly easy test would be to use a fusion of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/amylase amylase] to pVIII, and assay for starch degradation, which is very easy. There is no amylase BioBrick (with DNA available) in the Registry, so we'd have to make it.
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| - | ==References==
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| - | * Cebe R, Geiser M (2000) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1221525/pdf/11104694.pdf Size of the ligand complex between the N-terminal domain of the gene III coat protein and the non-infectious phage strongly influences the usefulness of in vitro selective infective phage technology]. ''Biochemical Journal'' '''352''': 841-849.
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| - | * Pashke M, Höhne W (2005) [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378111905000764 A twin-arginine translocation (Tat)-mediated phage display system]. ''Gene'' '''350'''(1): 79-88 (doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.02.005).
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| - | * Rakonjaca J, Model P (1998) [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002228369892006X Roles of pIII in filamentous phage assembly]. ''Journal of Molecular Biology'' '''282'''(1): 25-41 (doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2006).
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| - | * Sidhu SS, Weiss GA, Wells JA (2000) [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022283699934654 High copy display of large proteins on phage for functional selections]. ''Journal of Molecular Biology'' '''296'''(2): 487-495 (doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3465).
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| - | * Thammawong P, Kasinrerk W, Turner RJ, Tayapiwatana C (2006) [http://www.springerlink.com/content/y206np5022357m37/ Twin-arginine signal peptide attributes effective display of CD147 to filamentous phage]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology '''69''': 697-703 (doi: 10.1007/s00253-005-0242-0).
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| - | * Wang KC, Wang X, Zhong P, Luo PP (2010) [http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.webfeat.lib.ed.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S0022283609014624 Adapter-directed display: a modular design for shuttling display on phage surfaces]. ''Journal of Molecular Biology'' '''395'''(5): 1088-1101 (doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.11.068).
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| - | * Weiss GA, Sidhu SS (2000) [http://www.utoronto.ca/sidhulab/pdf/08.pdf Design and evolution of artificial M13 coat proteins]. ''Journal of Molecular Biology'' '''300''': 213-219 (doi: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3845).
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| - | ==Other useful links==
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| - | * [http://www.wwnorton.com/college/biology/microbiology2/ch/11/etopics.aspx Molecular overview of M13].
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| - | * Karlsson F (2004) [http://www.immun.lth.se/fileadmin/immun/Avhandlingar/Fredrik_Karlsson.pdf The biology of filamentous phage infection: implications for display technology].
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| - | * Kehoe JW, Kay BK (2005) [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/cr000261r Filamentous Phage Display in the New Millennium]. ''Chemical Reviews'' '''105'''(11): 4056-4072 (doi: 10.1021/cr000261r).
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| - | * Sidhu SS (2001) [http://www.utoronto.ca/sidhulab/pdf/15.pdf Engineering M13 for phage display]. ''Biomolecular Engineering'' '''18''': 57-63.
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| - | * Willats WGT (2002) [http://www.springerlink.com/content/u7v1763305k4mu30/ Phage display: practicalities and prospects]. ''Plant Molecular Biology'' '''50''': 837-854 (doi: 10.1023/A:1021215516430).
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