Team:Potsdam Bioware/Project/Summary

Summary

Modification, Selection and Production of Cyclic Peptides for Therapy

One key task of biopharmaceuticals is the binding and blocking of deregulated proteins. Picking the right lead structure for biopharmaceuticals is very important for success. This year, we developed a novel system for the modification, selection and optimization of peptides showing potential for protease inhibition. These promising inhibitors are found in cyanobacteria and are called Microviridins. They belong to the class peptides characterized by unusual ω-ester and ω-amide bonds between the amino-acid side chains, which are also referred to as depsipeptides. These modifications are introduced post translationally by a set of enzymes and result in an extraordinary tricyclic cage structure.

Proteases are a large enzyme family and comprise about 647 human gene products. Therefore they are important drug targets. Additional many harmful bacteria, viruses and fungi use proteasess in their reproduction cycle and growth. The ability of blocking these proteases is a highly relevant therapeutic application. Prominent examples of targets are the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and HIV proteases.

We chose a 6.5 kb Microviridin gene cluster named mdnABCDE from Mycrocystis aeruginosa NIES843. The mdn gene cluster comprises a gene encoding a precursor peptide named MdnA, which is then modified to form the Microviridin, two genes encoding ATP-grasp-type ligases named mdnB and mdnC, an ABC- transporter encoding gene named mdnE as well as one gene encoding an N- acetyltransferase of the GNAT family named mdnD (Ziemert et al., 2008). Our major aim was to modify the MdnA precursor peptide and optimize its protease inhibiting properties. Towards this goal, we synthesized semi-rational mdnA gene libraries with partially randomized oligonucleotides. The library was successfully cloned and verified by mass spectrometry.

To identify the best candidates inhibiting various given proteases, we established two different selection systems: Phage Display and a new developed in-vivo selection assay. Phage display is a frequently used technique in laboratories, yet to our knowledge, phage display of cellularly cyclized peptides is new. We constructed a fusion between the surface protein geneIII of the phage and the mdnA gene within the mdnA gene cluster. This was verified by western blotting, an ELISA test and a trypsin assay.

We also constructed a recombinant in-vivo selection system linking protease degradation to antibiotic resistance. The designed device is divided into two parts: first a protease activity detector device and second a protease generator device. For the protease activity detector device we fused various protease cleavage sites between a signal sequence and the antibiotic resistance conferring enzyme β-lactamse. β-lactamse confers only resistance when transferred to the periplasm of E. coli. Thus, when the protease cleaves the signal sequence from the lactamase, antibiotic resistance is abolished and cells die under selective pressure. However, when our Microviridin variants inhibit the protease, cells survive, allowing an easy and efficient inhibitor selection. We achieved different growth rates with increasing ampicillin concentrations. In addition we show cell death when the protease is activated. After cotransformation with the mdnA-libary we were able to isolate several clones, which will be sequenced.

In addition to the practical work we established a mathematical model of the in-vivo selection system, which helped us to understand the selection process. We modeled the reaction kinetics by ordinary differential equations and coded them in matlab, to predict, later based on our experimental data, several constants like dissoziation and assoziation constants of the interaction between microviridin and the protease.

• Ziemert, N., Ishida, K., Liaimer, A., Hertweck, C. & Dittmann, E. (2008). Ribosomal synthesis of tricyclic depsipeptides in bloom-forming cyanobacteria. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 47, 7756-9

Highlights

Microviridin

Figure 1: HPLC chromatogram of mdnA

The major aim of the microviridin group was to modify the mdnA such that the protease inhibiting activity is enhanced. Therefore we used random mutagenesis as well as focused oligonucleotids for creating a library, which is ready for being screened for mdnA with a therapeutically promising set of mutations. For further experiments we also fused the mdnA to a myc-tag. So in the future we will be able to purify and isolate the mdnA.
Due to the applicability of the whole mdn-cluster the creation of several BioBricks was possible. The construction was done using a given template vector containing the mdn-genes and sophisticated design of primers. Characterization of the BioBricks was done via HPLC analysis, mass spectrometry and western blot.
In a subproject we also built auxiliary expression backbones with inducible promoters for easy cloning via the iGEM restriction enzyme sites. [more]

Phage Display

Figure 2: Optimization of phage display. After optimized conditions (right) a clear concentration of phages carrying mdnA after one panning round was noted.

Phage display is a powerful tool for selecting peptides or proteins that bind and regulate the function of target proteins. It is defined as a system in which the protein and its encoding gene are covalently linked. Because of the therapeutic interest of microviridins as protease inhibitors a selection system for screening recombinant mdnA-libraries is of great importance. In our project the fundamental suitability of phage display for this purpose was shown. Therefore an appropriate phagemid, carrying an mdnA-myc-geneIII fusion gene, was constructed. The expression of the mdnA-myc-geneIII protein in the cells was shown by western blotting. Furthermore the production of phage particles carrying MdnA was determined by ELISA and phage display. [more]

In Vivo Selection

Figure 3: Ampicillin resistance test. Survival Screen, without induced (blue) and with induced (magenta) protease. From left to right increasing Ampicillin concentrations are shown.

In addition to the Phage Display we developed a novel selection system. The design aimed for a cheap and time-saving alternative in contrast to an in vitro screen of protease inhibition kinetics. The assay allows us to select effective inhibitors for a random protease, among the billions of randomly generated mutants of the Microviridin. For this purpose we designed a plasmid containing two devices, first a protease activity detector and second a protease generator.[more]

Modeling

Figure 4: Plot that shows the lactamase concentration inside the periplasm (and thus the cell fittness) in dependence of the Enzyme inhibition reaction coefficient K_D.

There is no synthetic biology without modeling, of course. We focused on systems modeling of our invivo selection system in which the reaction kinetics are analyzed and outcomes are predicted. Thus a synthetic biology approach can be chosen because a better understanding of the system is achieved and further changes can be planed - just like in engineering.
The reactions in our system were written down as equations under consideration of their induction at different times and the substance concentrations were numerically propagated through time. Using our concentration calculations we were able to see that our system works very well in theory - it is robust against changes of the most important system parameters. We learned about correct time-scales for our triggering and we were able to identify expected cell-division rates as a reference for the lab work. In a final step we were able to fit our model to wet-lab measurements so that predictions are more reliable. [more]

Ethics

For information about an ethics seminar and a survey among politicians see [here].

Software

Have a look at the features and screenshots of our BioLog app on this [page].