Team:Queens Canada/Project/Future

Future Applications of Our Research At the beginning of the summer we decided to work with C. elegans as our chassis, mostly for the advantages provided by its advanced eukaryotic chemotaxis mechanism. However, as the summer progressed and we learned more about the worm, it proved to be a very shrewd choice. One feature of the worm that we found in working with it was its amazing resilience to harsh environments. Chemotaxis assays done with undiluted naphthalene did not kill or paralyze all of the worms and even allowed for chemotaxis in some! Hardiness of this magnitude was not at all what we were expecting from a 1mm long nematode. We even found the worms able to survive in bitumen straight from tailing ponds for at least a week. Further exploration into the bioremediative potential and capabilities of C. elegans in oil spills is warranted given C. elegans’ innate chemotaxis mechanisms towards aromatics, such as those found in bitumen, as well as its resilience to harsh tailing pond conditions.

What Can Be Designed in the Future The versatility featured by C.elegans as a chassis opens many doors for future genetic engineering endeavors with the worm. The chemotaxis mechanism of C. elegans makes ideas for future projects virtually limitless. The worm could be engineered to move towards the molecule of interest in any circumstance where the location of a point source is not known exactly or is not concentrated in exactly one area. One particularly far-reaching example of this would be engineering the worm to chemotax towards waterborne pathogens. Although this is an ambitious feat, programming one living organism to pursue another, the effects if successful would be paramount. Proteins on the pathogen’s exterior or even secreted by the pathogen could act as ligands that bind to GPCRs expressed in C. elegans’ chemosensory neurons. This would be particularly useful in rural applications because an affected body of water may leach the pathogen into surrounding ground water, affecting local agriculture as well as any neighbouring wells. Extending the idea of toxic products leaching from their original source, this idea could be applied to toxic landfills with C.elegans seeking out harmful chemicals perhaps from batteries or plastics that disturb the surrounding environment. Additionally, C. elegans could be used as a biosensor, again with the added capability of motility. A graded biosensor, having the worm express a different colour based on the concentration of the molecule, may serve as a way to see where sewage pipes are leaking and the extent of their leakage. Its use as a biosensor may even have agricultural applications. Programming C.elegans to detect certain beneficial minerals or compounds in farming may serve as a way for farmers to assess the quality of their fields better. If a certain compound is limited or present in excess he/she would be able to detect that using C. elegans and adjust his planting routine accordingly. Because C. elegans is non-pathogenic to humans and does not feed on any agricultural products it would be safe to use in this context (provided it had a proper kill switch to prevent an invasive species outbreak). When working with chemotaxis mechanisms in C. elegans it seems the only limiting factor is finding GPCRs that bind to your target ligand. As a eukaryotic multicellular model organism, GPCRs from a variety of species have a good chance of working well. The ability of human transgenes coding for GPCRs to be successfully expressed in C. elegans would allow for future teams to program the worm to respond to stimuli recognized by human GPCRs. This would likely prove to be a worthwhile endeavor.

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 <h3red> Future Applications of Our Research </h3red>
-<regulartext> </regulartext>
+<regulartext> 	At the beginning of the summer we decided to work with <i>C. elegans</i> as our chassis, mostly for the advantages provided by its advanced eukaryotic chemotaxis mechanism.  However, as the summer progressed and we learned more about the worm, it proved to be a very shrewd choice.  One feature of the worm that we found in working with it was its amazing resilience to harsh environments.  Chemotaxis assays done with undiluted naphthalene did not kill or paralyze all of the worms and even allowed for chemotaxis in some!  Hardiness of this magnitude was not at all what we were expecting from a 1mm long nematode.  We even found the worms able to survive in bitumen straight from tailing ponds for at least a week.  Further exploration into the bioremediative potential and capabilities of <i>C. elegans</i> in oil spills is warranted given <i>C. elegans’</i> innate chemotaxis mechanisms towards aromatics, such as those found in bitumen, as well as its resilience to harsh tailing pond conditions.</regulartext>
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 <h3red> What Can Be Designed in the Future </h3red>
-<regulartext> </regulartext>
+<regulartext> The versatility featured by C.elegans as a chassis opens many doors for future genetic engineering endeavors with the worm.  The chemotaxis mechanism of <i>C. elegans</i> makes ideas for future projects virtually limitless.  The worm could be engineered to move towards the molecule of interest in any circumstance where the location of a point source is not known exactly or is not concentrated in exactly one area.  One particularly far-reaching example of this would be engineering the worm to chemotax towards waterborne pathogens.  Although this is an ambitious feat, programming one living organism to pursue another, the effects if successful would be paramount.  Proteins on the pathogen’s exterior or even secreted by the pathogen could act as ligands that bind to GPCRs expressed in <i>C. elegans’</i> chemosensory neurons.  This would be particularly useful in rural applications because an affected body of water may leach the pathogen into surrounding ground water, affecting local agriculture as well as any neighbouring wells.  Extending the idea of toxic products leaching from their original source, this idea could be applied to toxic landfills with C.elegans seeking out harmful chemicals perhaps from batteries or plastics that disturb the surrounding environment.  </regulartext>
+<regulartext>Additionally, <i>C. elegans</i> could be used as a biosensor, again with the added capability of motility.  A graded biosensor, having the worm express a different colour based on the concentration of the molecule, may serve as a way to see where sewage pipes are leaking and the extent of their leakage.  Its use as a biosensor may even have agricultural applications.  Programming C.elegans to detect certain beneficial minerals or compounds in farming may serve as a way for farmers to assess the quality of their fields better.  If a certain compound is limited or present in excess he/she would be able to detect that using <i>C. elegans </i> and adjust his planting routine accordingly.  Because <i>C. elegans</i> is non-pathogenic to humans and does not feed on any agricultural products it would be safe to use in this context (provided it had a proper kill switch to prevent an invasive species outbreak).   </regulartext>
+<regulartext>When working with chemotaxis mechanisms in <i> C. elegans</i> it seems the only limiting factor is finding GPCRs that bind to your target ligand.  As a eukaryotic multicellular model organism, GPCRs from a variety of species have a good chance of working well.  The ability of human transgenes coding for GPCRs to be successfully expressed in <i>C. elegans</i> would allow for future teams to program the worm to respond to stimuli recognized by human GPCRs. This would likely prove to be a worthwhile endeavor.   </regulartext>
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