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Team:Bilkent UNAM Turkey/Protocols
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Revision as of 22:46, 21 September 2011
Growth Conditions
'''Tris Acetate Phosphate (TAP) medium ''' from Gorman, D.S., and R.P. Levine (1965) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 54, 1665-1669. This is probably the most widely-used medium at present for experimental work. Following solutions are prepared. 1. TAP salts NH4Cl 15.0 g MgSO4 . 7H2O 4.0 g CaCl2 . 2H2O 2.0 g water to 1 liter 2. phosphate solution K2HPO4 28.8 g KH2PO4 14.4 g water to 100 ml 3. Hutner's trace elements To make the final medium, mix the following: 2.42 g Tris 25 ml solution #1 (salts) 0.375 ml solution #2 (phosphate) 1.0 ml solution #3 (trace elements) 1.0 ml glacial acetic acid water to 1 liter For solid medium, add 15 g agar per liter Autoclave. For Tris-minimal medium omit the acetic acid and titrate the final solution to pH 7.0 with HCl Reference: [[http://www.chlamy.org/TAP.html]] '''Hutner's trace elements''' Hutner et al. (1950) Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 94, 152-170 This mixture is used both in TAP and in the Sueoka high salt medium. For a detailed analysis of how well this trace elements solution meets the nutritional requirements of C. reinhardtii, see Merchant et al. (2006) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1763, 578-594. For 1 liter final mix, dissolve each compound in the volume of water indicated. The EDTA should be dissolved in boiling water, and the FeSO4 should be prepared last to avoid oxidation. compound amount water EDTA disodium salt 50 g 250 ml ZnSO4 . 7 H2O 22 g 100 ml H3BO3 11.4 g 200 ml MnCl2 . 4 H2O 5.06 g 50 ml CoCl2. 6 H2O 1.61 g 50 ml CuSO4 . 5 H2O 1.57 g 50 ml (NH4)6Mo7O24. 4 H2O 1.10 g 50 ml FeSO4. 7 H2O 4.99 g 50 ml Mix all solutions except EDTA. Bring to boil, then add EDTA solution. The mixture should turn green. When everything is dissolved, cool to 70 degrees C. Keeping temperature at 70, add 85 ml hot 20% KOH solution (20 grams / 100 ml final volume). Do NOT use NaOH to adjust the pH. Bring the final solution to 1 liter total volume. It should be clear green initially. Stopper the flask with a cotton plug and let it stand for 1-2 weeks, shaking it once a day. The solution should eventually turn purple and leave a rust-brown precipitate, which can be removed by filtering through two layers of Whatman#1 filter paper, repeating the filtration if necessary until the solution is clear. Store refrigerated or frozen convenient aliquots. Some people shorten the time for formation of the precipiate by bubbling the solution with filtered air. If no precipitate forms, the solution is still usable. However, you might want to check the pH in this case and adjust it to around 7.0 using either KOH or HCl as needed. To prepare sulfur-free trace elements for hydrogen generation, the sulfate salts can be replaced with equimolar chloride salts (ZnCl2 10.0 g; CuCl2 . 2 H2O 1.00 g; FeCl2 . 4 H2O, 3.60 g). . Reference: [[http://www.chlamy.org/trace.html]]
Transformation of
Chlamydomonas with Glass Beads
contributed by Karen Kindle
- 1. Grow cells in SGII+NH4NO3 until they reach a density of 1-2 x
10^6/ml.
- 2. Spin down cells at moderate speed (5000 rpm for 5 min in a GSA type rotor).
- 3.
Resuspend in 1/100 volume SGII+KNO3 and allow to shake at room temperature for 2-4 hours.
- 4. If desired, treat cells with gamete autolysin (prepared as described in The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook*)
for approximately 45 minutes. I usually resuspend
the cells in about 1/25 the original volume in autolysin. Spin and wash once
with SGII+KNO3 before transformation. Optional:
Test effectiveness of lysis by
sensitivity to 0.05%
NP-40. (Count duplicate
samples +/- detergent
in hemacytometer.)
Note: Several recent experiments suggest that autolysin treatment increases the transformation rate of cw-15 mutants.
- 5. Work in lots of a few tubes at a time. Add 300 microliters cells, 100 microliters 20% polyethylene glycol, 1-2 micrograms DNA (linearized
DNA generally transforms
somewhat more efficiently than supercoiled), and 300 mg sterile glass*** beads. Vortex for 15-30 seconds at top speed on a Fisher Vortex Genie 2 mixer; plate cells immediately on an
SGII+KNO3 selective agar**.
Depending on age and moisture of plates, parafilm immediately or after 24 hours; and put in the light.
Colonies should be visible in about 6 days.
* The protocol is followed except that the culture
supernatant of the mated gametes is filtered through a 0.22-0.45 micrometer nitrocellulose filter. I don't know how much
of the activity (if any) is lost
in this protocol, but the requirement for sterility to
my mind outweighs
any loss in this step. After the filtration, the supernatant is frozen in 50 ml lots at -20 deg C.
** Use washed agar to remove
traces of ammonia and other impurities.
***Glass beads are approximately 0.5 mm in diameter and are available
from Thomas. We wash them with
acid, rinse them with water
until the pH is neutral, dry them, and
then weigh 300 mg into glass culture
tubes and bake for approximately
2 hours at 400 deg F.
Different Protocol to Transform Chlamy with Glass Beads.
1. Grow cells in appropriate
medium (permissive) to a density of ~2 x 106/ mL.
2. Collect cells by
centrifugation in sterile centrifugation bottles at room temperature (3500 g x 10 min). Discard supernatant.
3. Resuspend cells in 1/25 – 1/50 initial volume in selective medium with a cotton-plugged pipet. Transfer to a sterile centrifugation tube.
4. Collect cells by
centrifugation at room temperature (3500 g x 10 min). Discard supernatant
5. Resuspend cells at approximately in 1/70 initial volume in selective medium (approximately 3.0 x 108 cells / mL.
Count a 1/100 dilution
with the hemacytometer under the microscope. Adjust the volume
to obtain a concentration of 2. x 108 cells
/ mL.
6. To a tube containing
0.3g glass beads (sterilized by baking)
add:
- 0.3 mL cell suspension.
- ~ 0.5 – 1.0 ug DNA.
7. Vortex at full speed for 15 seconds.
8. Pour the
contents of the tube on a selective plate, gently tilt
and rotate the plate to
spread the medium evenly.
9. Allow the liquid
to dry (protect
from light to avoid phototactic
movements of the cells). Seal the
plates with Parafilm (Micropore tape for minimal medium), and incubate
under appropriate conditions for selection. (If
cells were grown under auxotrophic
conditions (acetate, dark) and will
be selected for photoautotrophic growth (minimal,
light), put the plates in dim light
for 16 – 24 hours before transferring to light. Colonies
will appear within 1-3 weeks depending on the selection applied.)
References:
Kindle, K. (1990) High-frequency nuclear transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc. Natl. Acad.
USA 87: 1228-1232.
B. Electroporation method for nuclear transformation
of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Materials
- Cell-wall deficient
host cell strain
- Sterile centrifugation bottles and tubes
- Electroporation cuvettes
- Plates with appropriate
solid medium for selection of the transformants
- DNA with selection marker
- TAP, 40mM sucrose
- TAP, 40mM sucrose, 0.4% PEG 8 000 - Starch 20%
Starch 20% preparation
20 g starch in a centrifuge tube
Wash with ethanol 100%
Wash with water
Repeat 2 times
Resuspend in
100 ml Ethanol 70%
Aliquots of 20 ml and
keep at room temperature
The day of transformation, centrifuge an aliquot 1 minute at 1 000 rpm
Wash 4 times with TAP + sucrose 40 mM
Resuspend in
20 ml of TAP + sucrose 40 mM + PEG 8 000 0.4%
References.
Boynton et al (1988) Chloroplast
transformation in Chlamydomonas with
high velocity microprojectiles. Science 240:
1534-1538.
Finer et al. (1992) Development of the particle inflow gun for DNA delivery to plant cells. Plant Cell Reports 11: 323-328.
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