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| | ='''<font size=5><font color=crimson>Q3: What's The ''Scientific Niche'' For Our Project?</font></font>'''= | | ='''<font size=5><font color=crimson>Q3: What's The ''Scientific Niche'' For Our Project?</font></font>'''= |
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| - | During our review on past iGem projects, we concluded, to more or less an extend, teams dreaming for magnetotaxis have concluded in using this strain......yet only two team ever actually tried. One of them was '''''[http://parts.mit.edu/wiki/index.php/Duke_2006 Duke University 2006]''''', the other being '''''us'''''.
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| - | Below are several arguments about the choice of this strain and reasons stopping previous iGem teams / supporting us in standing soundly on this step.
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| - | ==<font size=4><font color=blue>'''So Let's Talk About The iGem History'''</font></font>==
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| - | Throughout the history of iGem, we have gained notice from exhaustive online searching that a remarkable number of previous iGem teams have continually proposed projects related to '''magnetosome''', '''magnetospirillum''', and '''magnetotaxis''' every year around the world.
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| - | Among these respectful pioneers, Duke University had made their magnetotactic bacteria-based project to the official jamboree titled “Bacterial Dynamo”, focusing on the use of AMB-1 as AC voltage generator [[http://www.duke.edu/~fr7/2007_Reza_et_al_IET_Synthetic_Biology.pdf 2]], but somehow limited by the lack of genetic manipulation toolkits for ''Magentospirillum magneticum'' AMB-1.
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| - | What’s worth mentioning was the diversity of ideas regarding the application of magnetotactic bacteria proposed by a great variety of iGem teams (See Table 1). This even led to one mentioning on 2009 iGem official website about “magnetic bacteria” as one of the [https://2009.igem.org/Ideas_for_Bacteria. Ideas for Bacteria].
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| - | [[Image: Table_1.gif|thumb|center|700px|Table 1: Magneto-related iGem teams in the history.]]
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| - | ===<font size=4><font color=green>'''Obstacle 1: Hard to Cultivate'''</font></font>===
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| - | Yes, we have heard your voice, iGemers. We knew from your previous/current brainstorming pages that the main reason for your giving in lies mostly in its '''''STRINGENT''''' growth conditions required to be successfully cultivating these bacteria. It is a good reason, indeed.
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| - | Frankly, magnetotactic strains capable of pure culture are only a few. Among them, ''Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum'' MS-1 [[http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/140/2/720 2]], ''Magnetospirillum gryphiswalden'' MSR-1 [[http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=3741674&q=The+isolation+of+a+new+magnetic+spirillum.&uid=791101605&setcookie=yes 3]], and ''Magnetospirillum magneticum'' AMB-1 [[http://www.springerlink.com/content/x942j5lw60j48865/ 4]] are used most frequently in researches on magnetotactic bacteria. In recent years, significantly improved cultivating methods for MS-1 [[http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/8487/1/IJEB%2048(5)%20518-523.pdf 5]], MSR-1 [[http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/9/1/99 6]], and AMB-1 [[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=104444 7]] have also been achieved. These have lead to the field buzzing about the realization of applications spanning fMRI reporting, tumor targeting, etc., using magnetites produced by these cells [[http://www.nature.com/news/2004/040906/full/news040906-11.html 8], [http://ijr.sagepub.com/content/28/4/571.short 9], [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.21606/pdf 10], [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=5627105 11]].
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| - | To be honest, we also encountered some problems in cultivating strain AMB-1, but finally a complete cultivating method has been established here. See '''[https://2011.igem.org/Team:NYMU-Taipei/chassis Chassis]''' for more details.
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| - | ===<font size=4><font color=green>'''Obstacle 2: Lack of Genetic Toolbox'''</font></font>===
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| - | Sadly, for previous iGemers, there were way too many obstacles in front of their magnetic fantasies. This has lead to the fact that few precedents ever proceeded into thinking and encountering the '''BIG''' questions, that is, the lack of <font color=red>'''''ANY'''''</font> available genetic tools in Parts Registry!
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| - | To this date, provided with our utmost efforts in literature study, we've found, from previous researches on magnetotactic bacteria, two strains are capable of <font color=blue>'''''undergoing transformation'''''</font>--'''MSR-1''' [[http://www.springerlink.com/content/w5jvl853xhyrwdny/ 12]], and '''AMB-1''' [[http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/174/9/2748 13]].
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| - | For the genetic manipulating system on MSR-1, Dr. Dirk Schüler,'' et al.'' have developed a stable and efficient method by conjugation with ''Escherichia coli'' S17-1. Plasmids used in the system are derivatives of pBBR1MCS (broad-host-range vector[[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378111995005841 14]])
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| - | In AMB-1, Dr. Long-Fei Wu used pBBR111, a pBBR1MCS derivative harboring strong, inducible promoter P<sub>tac</sub>, to construct an expression vector [[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022283610004900 15]], achieving transformation by conjugation between ''Escherchia coli'' WM3064 and AMB-1 (a method developed by Arash Komeili'', et al.'')[[http://www.pnas.org/content/101/11/3839 16]].
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| - | Those great examples truly set lights on successfully establishing a new chassis for magnetism in Parts Registry.
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| - | '''<font color=magenta>BUT WE AIM EVEN HIGHER!</font>'''
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| - | Works by Matsunaga T.'', et al.'' revealed that transformation of AMB-1 by <font color=blue>'''electroporation is feasible'''</font> [[http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/short/69/7/4274 17]]. They enable a door to faster expression platform, avoiding drawbacks with conjugation, such as but not limited to: time consumption, mob gene and oriT restriction, requirement of specific E. coli strain, etc.
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| - | Furthermore, compared with the relatively adventurous adaptation of P<sub>tac</sub> as promoter for exogenous gene expression, endogenous promoters identified from genomic DNA of magnetotactic strains provide more reliable and efficient ways. Recently identified endogenous promoters from MSR-1 [[http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/75/12/4206 18]] still lack thorough verification. Yet another endogeneous promoters system in AMB-1 [[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X0502440X 19]] have been well characterized [[http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/76/4/1152 20], [http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/72/1/465 21], [http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/70/5/2880 22], [http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/74/11/3342 23], [http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/76/17/5785 24]]. See '''''[https://2011.igem.org/Team:NYMU-Taipei/chassis Chassis]''''' for elaborations.
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| - | Equipped with these knowledge bases, we are now confident in saying that <font color=red>'''"the world is ready for a new chassis"'''</font>!
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"
