Team:NYC Wetware/Deinococcus/Cell Damage

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The cell is hit repeatedly with radiation, causing extensive damage to the DNA and proteins. The damage to the DNA includes:<br/>
The cell is hit repeatedly with radiation, causing extensive damage to the DNA and proteins. The damage to the DNA includes:<br/>
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1. Base Damage <img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/16241382/iGEM%20pics/Base%2520Damage.png" alt="oy" width="350" /> <br/>
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1. Base Damage <br/>
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DNA is composed of a backbone attached to nucleobases. Damage may occur to the bases.<br/>
DNA is composed of a backbone attached to nucleobases. Damage may occur to the bases.<br/>
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<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/16241382/iGEM%20pics/Base%2520Damage.png" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
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2. Single Strand Breaks <img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/16241382/iGEM%20pics/SSb.png" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
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2. Single Strand Breaks<br/>
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The backbone of DNA is made up of a repeating pattern of sugar and phosphate. A single strand break occurs when this backbone is broken.<br/>
The backbone of DNA is made up of a repeating pattern of sugar and phosphate. A single strand break occurs when this backbone is broken.<br/>
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<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/16241382/iGEM%20pics/SSb.png" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
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3. Double Strand Breaks<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/16241382/iGEM%20pics/DSb.png" alt="oy" width="350" /> <br/>
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3. Double Strand Breaks<br/>
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DNA is commonly found as a double strand. If the opposing strands both develop single strand breaks, this double strand break may cause the separation of the two fragments of DNA.<br/>
DNA is commonly found as a double strand. If the opposing strands both develop single strand breaks, this double strand break may cause the separation of the two fragments of DNA.<br/>
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<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/16241382/iGEM%20pics/DSb.png" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
Damage to the protein may include damage to the active site of ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase.<img src="http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/images/d/d2/3cu2.png" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
Damage to the protein may include damage to the active site of ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase.<img src="http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/images/d/d2/3cu2.png" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
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(2) DNA Repair<br/>
(2) DNA Repair<br/>
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<ol>1. To Base Damage [Base Damage.png]<br/>
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<ol>1. To Base Damage<br/>
The cell employs an enzyme, DNA glycosylase, to remove the damaged base. AP endonuclease cuts the DNA backbone, essentially forming a Single Strand Break. DNA polymerase then resynthesizes the base. The single strand break is repaired as in Step 2 (below).<br/>
The cell employs an enzyme, DNA glycosylase, to remove the damaged base. AP endonuclease cuts the DNA backbone, essentially forming a Single Strand Break. DNA polymerase then resynthesizes the base. The single strand break is repaired as in Step 2 (below).<br/>
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2. To Single Strand Breaks [SSb.png]<br/>
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2. To Single Strand Breaks<br/>
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A nick in the backbone of a single strand can be easily ligated by DNA ligase.  
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A nick in the backbone of a single strand can be easily ligated by DNA ligase.<br/>
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[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/DNA_Repair.jpg] - DNA Ligase at work<br/>
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3. To Double Strand Breaks [DSb.png]<br/>
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3. To Double Strand Breaks<br/>
One of the primary methods of repairing double strand breaks is known as homologous recombination. The broken DNA fragment is connected to a complete DNA strand by a junction (a “Holliday junction.”) The DNA repair mechanism restores the damaged DNA.<br/>
One of the primary methods of repairing double strand breaks is known as homologous recombination. The broken DNA fragment is connected to a complete DNA strand by a junction (a “Holliday junction.”) The DNA repair mechanism restores the damaged DNA.<br/>
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Latest revision as of 16:23, 12 October 2011