Team:NYC Wetware/Deinococcus/Cell Damage

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The prokaryotic cell carries on as if it were a normal day. The DNA, the string of code with information to direct the cell’s daily activities, floats freely in the cytoplasm. It allows itself to be transcribed by the RNA into proteins, which reside casually in the cytoplasm, the intracellular environment of the cell.<br/>
The prokaryotic cell carries on as if it were a normal day. The DNA, the string of code with information to direct the cell’s daily activities, floats freely in the cytoplasm. It allows itself to be transcribed by the RNA into proteins, which reside casually in the cytoplasm, the intracellular environment of the cell.<br/>
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<img src="https://dl-web.dropbox.com/get/iGEM%202011%20Dropbox/pictures/DNAPic.png?w=0d1335e3" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
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<img src="http://images.wikia.com/genealogy/images/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png" alt="oy" width="350" />
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<img src="http://images.wikia.com/genealogy/images/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
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<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/16241382/iGEM%20pics/DNAPic.png" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
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<img src="https://dl-web.dropbox.com/get/iGEM%202011%20Dropbox/pictures/iGEMWikiAug23ImageTheCell.png?w=2b4c0f52" alt="oy" width="600" /><br/>
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<h3>Damage to the DNA and Proteins</h3>
<h3>Damage to the DNA and Proteins</h3>
The cell is hit repeatedly with radiation, causing extensive damage to the DNA and proteins. The damage to the DNA includes:<br/>
The cell is hit repeatedly with radiation, causing extensive damage to the DNA and proteins. The damage to the DNA includes:<br/>
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1. Base Damage <img src="https://dl-web.dropbox.com/get/iGEM%202011%20Dropbox/pictures/Base%2520Damage.png?w=1907c82a" alt="oy" width="350" /> <br/>
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1. Base Damage <br/>
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DNA is composed of a backbone attached to nucleobases. Damage may occur to the bases.<br/>
DNA is composed of a backbone attached to nucleobases. Damage may occur to the bases.<br/>
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<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/16241382/iGEM%20pics/Base%2520Damage.png" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
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2. Single Strand Breaks <img src="https://dl-web.dropbox.com/get/iGEM%202011%20Dropbox/pictures/SSb.png?w=47783347" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
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2. Single Strand Breaks<br/>
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The backbone of DNA is made up of a repeating pattern of sugar and phosphate. A single strand break occurs when this backbone is broken.<br/>
The backbone of DNA is made up of a repeating pattern of sugar and phosphate. A single strand break occurs when this backbone is broken.<br/>
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<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/16241382/iGEM%20pics/SSb.png" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
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3. Double Strand Breaks<img src="https://dl-web.dropbox.com/get/iGEM%202011%20Dropbox/pictures/DSb.png?w=631620b0" alt="oy" width="350" /> <br/>
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3. Double Strand Breaks<br/>
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DNA is commonly found as a double strand. If the opposing strands both develop single strand breaks, this double strand break may cause the separation of the two fragments of DNA.<br/>
DNA is commonly found as a double strand. If the opposing strands both develop single strand breaks, this double strand break may cause the separation of the two fragments of DNA.<br/>
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<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/16241382/iGEM%20pics/DSb.png" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
Damage to the protein may include damage to the active site of ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase.<img src="http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/images/d/d2/3cu2.png" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
Damage to the protein may include damage to the active site of ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase.<img src="http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/images/d/d2/3cu2.png" alt="oy" width="350" /><br/>
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Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove an electron from an atom.<br/>
Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove an electron from an atom.<br/>
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<img src="https://dl-web.dropbox.com/get/iGEM%202011%20Dropbox/pictures/ElectromagSpec.jpg?w=bacfd30a" alt="oy" width="600" /><br/>  
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<img src="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/16241382/iGEM%20pics/ElectromagSpec.jpg" alt="oy" width="600" /><br/>  
It has the power to cause Double Strand Breaks, as well as initiate the Fenton Reaction, which can cause damage to proteins as well as DNA.<br/>
It has the power to cause Double Strand Breaks, as well as initiate the Fenton Reaction, which can cause damage to proteins as well as DNA.<br/>
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(2) DNA Repair<br/>
(2) DNA Repair<br/>
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<ol>1. To Base Damage [Base Damage.png]<br/>
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<ol>1. To Base Damage<br/>
The cell employs an enzyme, DNA glycosylase, to remove the damaged base. AP endonuclease cuts the DNA backbone, essentially forming a Single Strand Break. DNA polymerase then resynthesizes the base. The single strand break is repaired as in Step 2 (below).<br/>
The cell employs an enzyme, DNA glycosylase, to remove the damaged base. AP endonuclease cuts the DNA backbone, essentially forming a Single Strand Break. DNA polymerase then resynthesizes the base. The single strand break is repaired as in Step 2 (below).<br/>
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2. To Single Strand Breaks [SSb.png]<br/>
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2. To Single Strand Breaks<br/>
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A nick in the backbone of a single strand can be easily ligated by DNA ligase.  
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A nick in the backbone of a single strand can be easily ligated by DNA ligase.<br/>
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[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/DNA_Repair.jpg] - DNA Ligase at work<br/>
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3. To Double Strand Breaks [DSb.png]<br/>
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3. To Double Strand Breaks<br/>
One of the primary methods of repairing double strand breaks is known as homologous recombination. The broken DNA fragment is connected to a complete DNA strand by a junction (a “Holliday junction.”) The DNA repair mechanism restores the damaged DNA.<br/>
One of the primary methods of repairing double strand breaks is known as homologous recombination. The broken DNA fragment is connected to a complete DNA strand by a junction (a “Holliday junction.”) The DNA repair mechanism restores the damaged DNA.<br/>
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Latest revision as of 16:23, 12 October 2011