Team:DTU-Denmark-2/results/Proofofconcept/fungi

From 2011.igem.org

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<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:DTU-Denmark-2/results/Proofofconcept/fungi#Proof of concept" class="h1">Proof of concept</a><br><br>
<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:DTU-Denmark-2/results/Proofofconcept/fungi#Proof of concept" class="h1">Proof of concept</a><br><br>
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<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:DTU-Denmark-2/results/Proofofconcept/fungi#Device BBa_K678060" class="h2"> Device BBa_K678060</a><br><br>
+
<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:DTU-Denmark-2/results/Proofofconcept/fungi#pJEJAM12 BBa_K678060" class="h2"> pJEJAM12<br>
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<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:DTU-Denmark-2/results/Proofofconcept/fungi#Device BBa_K678061" class="h2"> Device BBa_K678061</a><br><br>
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BBa_K678060</a><br><br>
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<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:DTU-Denmark-2/results/Proofofconcept/fungi#Device BBa_K678062" class="h2"> Device BBa_K678062</a><br><br>
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<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:DTU-Denmark-2/results/Proofofconcept/fungi#pJEJAM13 BBa_K678061" class="h2"> pJEJAM13 <br>
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<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:DTU-Denmark-2/results/Proofofconcept/fungi#Device BBa_K678063" class="h2"> Device BBa_K678063</a><br><br>
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BBa_K678061</a><br><br>
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<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:DTU-Denmark-2/results/Proofofconcept/fungi#Control strain" class="h2"> Control strain</a><br><br>
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<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:DTU-Denmark-2/results/Proofofconcept/fungi#pJEJAM14 BBa_K678062" class="h2"> pJEJAM14 <br>
 +
BBa_K678062</a><br><br>
 +
<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:DTU-Denmark-2/results/Proofofconcept/fungi#pJEJAM15 BBa_K678063" class="h2"> pJEJAM15 <br>
 +
BBa_K678063</a><br><br>
 +
<a href="https://2011.igem.org/Team:DTU-Denmark-2/results/Proofofconcept/fungi#Wild type" class="h2"> Wild type</a><br><br>
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<a name="Proof of concept"></a><h1><b>Proof of concept</b></h1>
<a name="Proof of concept"></a><h1><b>Proof of concept</b></h1>
<p align="justify">
<p align="justify">
-
Five different plasmids were constructed with the Plug 'n' Play assembly standard in order to verify the systems function in filamentous fungi. To ensure a successful transformation in fungi the backbone plasmid <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678046">pFun</a> has two NotI restriction sites flanking the device to be inserted. Hereby, the device can be cut out of the plasmid and a linearised DNA fragment can be transformated into the fungus. The devices for proof of concept in fungi are not design to be inserted at a specific site in the fungal genome. Therefore, the device can be integrated at any site and with a random number of copies by non homologous end joining in the fungus. This means that the possibility of the disruption of essential genes exists.<br><br>
+
Five different plasmids were constructed with the Plug 'n' Play assembly standard in order to verify the systems function in filamentous fungi. To ensure a successful transformation the backbone plasmid <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678046">pFun</a> has two NotI restriction sites flanking the device to be inserted. Hereby, the device can be cut out of the plasmid and the linearized DNA fragments can be transformed into the fungus. The devices for proof of concept are not designed to be inserted at a specific site in the fungal genome. Therefore, the device can be integrated at any site and with a random number of copies by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). This means that the possibility of the disruption of essential genes exists.<br><br>
    
    
-
The fungal proof of concept plasmids, were constructed with the same strong constitutive promoter P<i>gpdA</i>, the T<i>trpC</i> terminator, and the <i>pyrG</i> marker cassette. Different genes encoding fluorescent proteins were included in the reporter system, where different compartments of fungi could be targeted. The reporter system was designed to target the nucleus, peroxisomes, and the mitochondria. All transformations were performed in the <i> Aspergillus nidulans</i> laboratory strain:<i> argB2, pyrG89, veA1</i>. </p>
+
The fungal proof of concept plasmids, were constructed with the strong constitutive promoter <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678024">P<i>gpdA</i></a>, the <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678036">T<i>trpC</i></a> terminator, and the <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678040"><i>pyrG marker cassette</i></a>. Different genes encoding fluorescent proteins were included in the reporter system, where different compartments of fungi could be targeted. The reporter system was designed to target the nucleus, peroxisomes, and the mitochondria. All transformations were performed in the <i> Aspergillus nidulans</i> laboratory strain:<i> argB2, pyrG89, veA1</i>. </p>  
-
<br>
+
<br>
<br>
 +
<p align="justify">
<p align="justify">
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We have proved that the Plug 'n' Play assembly standard can be easily applied for construction fungal plasmids. Transformation and expression of the fluorescence proteins GFP and RFP was successfully conducted in <i>A. nidulans</i>, not localized to any compartment.Furthermore, expression of fluorescence proteins GFP and RFP in <i>A. nidulans </i>localized to the nucleus and the peroxiomes succeeded. However, the transformation of the fungi with the mitochondrial targeting signal did not succeed.
+
We here prove that the Plug 'n' Play assembly standard can easily be applied for the construction fungal plasmids. The constructed plasmids were transformed into <i>A. nidulans</i> and in each case the fluorescent protein was expressed. Only the strain transformed with <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678064">pJEJAM16</a> targeting GFP to the mitochondria did not result in any transformants and due to time limitation the experiment was not repeated.<br><br>
-
<br><br>
+
 
-
The obtained transformants with integration of the four different devices changed pronounced morphology compared with the wild type control strain. The strains was visible sick and had slow growth. The fungi also showed a pronounced number of unspecific vacuoles. The changes occur due to the DNA fragments were randomly integrated and have inflicted some pathways in the fungi. However, this was not unexpect when using integration by random Non Homologues End Joining.  
+
The obtained transformants with the different constructed devices integrated into the genome all had a different morphology and were growing slower than the wild type strain. Especially the strain transformed with pJEJAM14 looked sick. The fungi also had a pronounced number of undefined vacuoles that can be seen on the images obtained from differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. Such 'symptoms' are not uncommon when DNA is introduced into the genome by NHEJ. Below the images of the microscopy are presented.
</p>  
</p>  
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
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<b>The results of the created reporter system for fungi are displayed below.</b>
 
<br>
<br>
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<br>
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<a name="pJEJAM12 BBa_K678060"></a><h2>pJEJAM12 BBa_K678060</h2>
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<a name="Device BBa_K678060"></a><h2>Device BBa_K678060</h2>
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<p align="justify">
<p align="justify">
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Green fluorescence can be observed evenly spread in the hyphae. This correlate with what was expected for the device <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678060">BBa_K678060</a> that holds the gene <i>GFP</i> for green fluorescence and with no specific targeting signal.  
+
<a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678060">pJEJAM12</a> is a plasmid intended for linearization and transformation into <i>A. nidulans</i>. The plasmid contains the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the strong constitutive P<i>gpdA</i> promoter. The expressed GFP was evenly spread in the hyphae.
 +
 
</p>  
</p>  
-
<br>
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<br>  
-
 
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-
<p align="justify">
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-
The  constructed pJEJAM 12 plasmid consist of device BBa_K678060 (<i>pgdA,GFP,TrpC,pyrG</i>) , which are cut at the two NotI site before transformation, ensuring linearised DNA fragment for optimal result.<br><br></p>  
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<p align="center">
<p align="center">
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/e/ef/Device_22_ny.png" height="100px" align="center"> </img>
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/e/ef/Device_22_ny.png" height="100px" align="center"> </img>
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</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678060">BBa_K678060</a> - detected with DIC light.</td>
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<td>DIC image of<i> Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678060">pJEJAM12</a>.</td>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678060">BBa_K678060</a> - detected with GFP filter.</td>
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<td>Fluorescence image of <i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678060">pJEJAM12</a>.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
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</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678060">BBa_K678060</a> - Shown from front</td>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678060">pJEJAM12</a> - Shown from front</td>
-
<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678060">BBa_K678060</a> - Shown from Back </td>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678060">pJEJAM12</a> - Shown from Back </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
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<br>
<br>
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<a name="Device BBa_K678061"></a><h2>Device BBa_K678061</h2>
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<a name="pJEJAM13 BBa_K678061"></a><h2>pJEJAM13 BBa_K678061</h2>
<p align="justify">
<p align="justify">
-
Green fluorescence is can be observed in the hyphae and in clear spots. The occurrence of clear spots was expected for device <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678061">BBa_K678061</a>, which holds the gene GFP encoding green fluorescence proteins and targeting signal for the peroxiomes. This correlates fine with comparison of device BBa_K678060, which have non-targeting signal. <br>
+
<a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678061">pJEJAM13</a> is a plasmid intended for linearization and transformation into <i>A. nidulans</i>. The plasmid contains the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the peroxisomal targeting sequence 1 (PTS1) fused to the C-terminus, under the control of the strong constitutive P<i>gpdA</i> promoter.</p>
-
However, we cannot conclude that the signal is accumulated in the peroxisomes, since they are not dyed. Though, it can be concluded that the GFP signal is targeting to a specific place and accumulated somewhere in the fungi compared to the results from device <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678060">BBa_K678060</a>. </p>
+
<br>
<br>
-
<p align="justify">
 
-
The plasmid constructed pJEJAM 13 holding device BBa_K678061, are cut at the two NotI site before transformation, ensuring linearised DNA fragment for optimal result.<br><br></p>
 
<p align="center">
<p align="center">
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/6/68/Device_23_ny.png" height="100px" align="center"> </img>
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/6/68/Device_23_ny.png" height="100px" align="center"> </img>
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
<p align="justify">
 +
Green fluorescence can be observed in the hyphae and in clear spots. This indicates that GFP is targeted to the peroxisomes, but further investigations are required to confirm this. The 'background' fluorescence was however not expected and a replication of the experiment should be conducted in order to be able to draw any conclusions upon this. </p>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
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</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678061">BBa_K678061</a> - detected with DIC light.</td>
+
<td>DIC image of <i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678061">pJEJAM13</a>.</td>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678061">BBa_K678061</a> - detected with GFP filter.</td>
+
<td>Fluorescence image of <i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678061">pJEJAM13</a>. Green fluorescence can be observed in the hyphae and in clear spots.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
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</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678061">BBa_K678061</a> - Shown from front</td>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678061">pJEJAM13</a> - Shown from front</td>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678061">BBa_K678061</a> - Shown from back </td>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678061">pJEJAM13</a> - Shown from back </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
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<a name="Device BBa_K678062"></a><h2>Device BBa_K678062</h2>
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<a name="pJEJAM14 BBa_K678062"></a><h2>pJEJAM14 BBa_K678062</h2>
<p align="justify">
<p align="justify">
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Observed is red fluorescence spread evenly in the hyphae, which correlate with what expected for the device <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678062">BBa_K678062</a>, that holds the gene for red fluorescence protein RFP with no specific targeting signal.
+
<a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678062">pJEJAM14</a> is a plasmid intended for linearization and transformation into <i>A. nidulans</i>. The plasmid contains the gene encoding monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP1) under the control of the strong constitutive P<i>gpdA</i> promoter. The expressed mRFP1 was evenly spread in the hyphae.
</p>
</p>
<br>
<br>
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<p align="justify">
 
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The constructed pJEJAM 14 plasmid holding device BBa_K678062, are cut at the two NotI site before transformation, ensuring linearised DNA fragment for optimal result.<br><br></p>
 
<p align="center">
<p align="center">
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/a/aa/Device_24_ny.png" height="100px" align="center"> </img>
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/a/aa/Device_24_ny.png" height="100px" align="center"> </img>
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</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678062">BBa_K678062</a> - detected with DIC light.</td>
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<td>DIC image of <i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678062">pJEJAM14</a>.</td>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678062">BBa_K678062</a> - detected with RFP filter.</td>
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<td>Fluorescence image of <i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678062">pJEJAM14</a>.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
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</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678062"BBa_K678062</a> - shown from front</td>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678062">pJEJAM14</a> - shown from front</td>
-
<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678062"BBa_K678062</a> - shown from back </td>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678062">pJEJAM14</a> - shown from back </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
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<a name="Device BBa_K678063"></a><h2>Device BBa_K678063</h2>
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<a name="pJEJAM15 BBa_K678063"></a><h2>pJEJAM15 BBa_K678063</h2>
<p align="justify">
<p align="justify">
-
Red fluorescence can be observed in clear spots. The occurrence of clear spots and compared to the results from device <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678062">BBa_K678062</a>, correlate with what expected for the device <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678063">BBa_K678063</a> that holds the gene for red fluorescence protein RFP with the targeting signal for the nucleus. However, we cannot conclude that the signal is accumulated in the nucleus, since they are not dyed. Though, it can be concluded that the RFP signal is targeting to a specific place and accumulated somewhere in the fungi compared to the results from device <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678062">BBa_K678062</a>. </p>
+
<a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678063">pJEJAM15</a> is a plasmid intended for linearization and transformation into <i>A. nidulans</i>. The plasmid contains the gene encoding monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP1) with a nucleosomal targeting sequence (NLS) fused to the C-terminus, under the control of the strong constitutive P<i>gpdA</i> promoter.</p> Red fluorescence can be observed in clear spots. To confirm that the mRFP1 in fact is targeted to the nucleus further experiments have to be conducted. </p>
<br>
<br>
-
 
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<p align="justify">
 
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The constructed pJEJAM15 plasmid, holding device BBa_K678063,  are cut at the two NotI site before transformation, ensuring linearised DNA fragment for optimal result.<br><br></p>
 
<p align="center">
<p align="center">
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/e/e4/Device_25_ny.png" height="100px" align="center"> </img>
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/e/e4/Device_25_ny.png" height="100px" align="center"> </img>
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</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678063">BBa_K678063</a> - detected with DIC light.</td>
+
<td>DIC image of<i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678063">pJEJAM15</a>.</td>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678063">BBa_K678063</a> - detected with RFP filter.</td>
+
<td>Fluorescence image of <i>Aspergillus nidulans </i><br><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678063">pJEJAM15</a>.</td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
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</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
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<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br> <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678063">BBa_K678063</a> - Shown from front</td>
+
<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br> <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678063">pJEJAM15</a> - Shown from front</td>
-
<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with device <br> <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678063">BBa_K678063</a> - Shown from back </td>
+
<td><i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> with <br> <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K678063">pJEJAM15</a> - Shown from back </td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
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<br>
<br>
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<a name="Control"></a><h2>Control strain</h2>
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<a name="Wild type"></a><h2>Wild type</h2>
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The control strain shows no background or auto-fluorescence.
+
The wild type strain shows no background or auto-fluorescence.
<p align="center">
<p align="center">
<table cellpadding="10px" align="center">
<table cellpadding="10px" align="center">
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</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
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<td> Wild type <i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> <br>- detected with DIC light. </td>
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<td> DIC image of wild type <i>Aspergillus nidulans </i>. <br></td>
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<td>Wild type <i>Aspergillus nidulans </i> <br>- detected with RFP filter. </td>
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<td>RFP fluorescence image of wild type <i>Aspergillus nidulans </i>. <br> </td>
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<td>Wild type <i>Aspergillus nidulans </i><br> - detected with GFP filter.</td>
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<td>GFP fluorescence image of wild type <i>Aspergillus nidulans </i>.<br></td>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
</table>

Latest revision as of 20:04, 21 September 2011




Proof of concept - Fungi


Proof of concept

Five different plasmids were constructed with the Plug 'n' Play assembly standard in order to verify the systems function in filamentous fungi. To ensure a successful transformation the backbone plasmid pFun has two NotI restriction sites flanking the device to be inserted. Hereby, the device can be cut out of the plasmid and the linearized DNA fragments can be transformed into the fungus. The devices for proof of concept are not designed to be inserted at a specific site in the fungal genome. Therefore, the device can be integrated at any site and with a random number of copies by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). This means that the possibility of the disruption of essential genes exists.

The fungal proof of concept plasmids, were constructed with the strong constitutive promoter PgpdA, the TtrpC terminator, and the pyrG marker cassette. Different genes encoding fluorescent proteins were included in the reporter system, where different compartments of fungi could be targeted. The reporter system was designed to target the nucleus, peroxisomes, and the mitochondria. All transformations were performed in the Aspergillus nidulans laboratory strain: argB2, pyrG89, veA1.


We here prove that the Plug 'n' Play assembly standard can easily be applied for the construction fungal plasmids. The constructed plasmids were transformed into A. nidulans and in each case the fluorescent protein was expressed. Only the strain transformed with pJEJAM16 targeting GFP to the mitochondria did not result in any transformants and due to time limitation the experiment was not repeated.

The obtained transformants with the different constructed devices integrated into the genome all had a different morphology and were growing slower than the wild type strain. Especially the strain transformed with pJEJAM14 looked sick. The fungi also had a pronounced number of undefined vacuoles that can be seen on the images obtained from differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. Such 'symptoms' are not uncommon when DNA is introduced into the genome by NHEJ. Below the images of the microscopy are presented.




pJEJAM12 BBa_K678060

pJEJAM12 is a plasmid intended for linearization and transformation into A. nidulans. The plasmid contains the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the strong constitutive PgpdA promoter. The expressed GFP was evenly spread in the hyphae.




DIC image of Aspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM12.
Fluorescence image of Aspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM12.

Aspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM12 - Shown from front
Aspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM12 - Shown from Back



pJEJAM13 BBa_K678061

pJEJAM13 is a plasmid intended for linearization and transformation into A. nidulans. The plasmid contains the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the peroxisomal targeting sequence 1 (PTS1) fused to the C-terminus, under the control of the strong constitutive PgpdA promoter.




Green fluorescence can be observed in the hyphae and in clear spots. This indicates that GFP is targeted to the peroxisomes, but further investigations are required to confirm this. The 'background' fluorescence was however not expected and a replication of the experiment should be conducted in order to be able to draw any conclusions upon this.



DIC image of Aspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM13.
Fluorescence image of Aspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM13. Green fluorescence can be observed in the hyphae and in clear spots.
Aspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM13 - Shown from front
Aspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM13 - Shown from back



pJEJAM14 BBa_K678062

pJEJAM14 is a plasmid intended for linearization and transformation into A. nidulans. The plasmid contains the gene encoding monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP1) under the control of the strong constitutive PgpdA promoter. The expressed mRFP1 was evenly spread in the hyphae.




DIC image of Aspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM14.
Fluorescence image of Aspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM14.
Aspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM14 - shown from front
Aspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM14 - shown from back



pJEJAM15 BBa_K678063

pJEJAM15 is a plasmid intended for linearization and transformation into A. nidulans. The plasmid contains the gene encoding monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP1) with a nucleosomal targeting sequence (NLS) fused to the C-terminus, under the control of the strong constitutive PgpdA promoter.

Red fluorescence can be observed in clear spots. To confirm that the mRFP1 in fact is targeted to the nucleus further experiments have to be conducted.




DIC image ofAspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM15.
Fluorescence image of Aspergillus nidulans
pJEJAM15.
Aspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM15 - Shown from front
Aspergillus nidulans with
pJEJAM15 - Shown from back



Wild type

The wild type strain shows no background or auto-fluorescence.

DIC image of wild type Aspergillus nidulans .
RFP fluorescence image of wild type Aspergillus nidulans .
GFP fluorescence image of wild type Aspergillus nidulans .
Wild type Aspergillus nidulans
- Shown from front
Wild type Aspergillus nidulans
- Shown from back