Team:CongoDRC-Bel Campus

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<title>Bel Campus</title>
<title>Bel Campus</title>
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     <td width="722" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F4F7FB"><h2>&nbsp;&nbsp;Our Project overview</h2></td>
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     <td width="722" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F4F7FB"><div style="color:#333333; font:normal; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:24px;">&nbsp;&nbsp;Our Project overview</div></td>
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     <td width="8" bgcolor="#F4F7FB">&nbsp;</td>
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     <td width="234" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F4F7FB"><h2>&nbsp;&nbsp;Team informations</h2></td>
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     <td width="234" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F4F7FB"><div style="color:#333333; font:normal; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size:24px;">&nbsp;&nbsp;Team informations</div></td>
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     <li><a href="#swahili"><span>Swahili</span></a></li>
     <li><a href="#swahili"><span>Swahili</span></a></li>
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       <span class="Style6">ABSRTACT     </span>
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       <p class="Style6">NB. We have two differents approaches for this project: modelling transmission and engineered mycobacterial vaccine. </p>
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      <p class="Style6">1.TRANSMISSION </p>
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       <div class="divani" id="fontSize">ABSRTACT
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             Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a debilitating disease that mainly affects the skin but which can also affect the bone.  The causative agent is called Mycobacterium ulcerans, which although different, belongs to the same family of organisms that cause leprosy and tuberculosis.  This affection is one of the most common mycobacterial diseases in human health.  Several cases of BU have been identified in at least 26 countries in the African Region since the early 1940s.  However, in recent years, an increasing number of cases have been recorded in nearly all Western Africa countries, along the Gulf of Guinea. The causative agent is Mycobacterium ulcerans. For it to cause disease, it must either be transmitted from one infected individual directly to another    (e.g.; direct contact) or through the environment (e.g.; via an intermediate host) to a susceptible host. It must also have the capability of surviving and multiplying in either the environment or the host or in both.     </div>
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       NB. We have two differents approaches for this project: modelling transmission and engineered mycobacterial vaccine. <br /><br />1.TRANSMISSION <br /><br />
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       <p align="justify" class="Style6">Generally, the reservoir of infection is not exactly known but is  believed to be either the sick individual or the environment,  especially marshy soil and vegetation along slow-flowing streams and  rivers, or perhaps an intermediate host that thrives in such  environment conditions. The latent period for infection to progress to  disease in the susceptible host is also not well known. The mode of  transmission is not entirely known.  Recent evidence suggests that certain aquatic insects (aquatic bug)  belonging to the genus Naucoris and Diplonychus may be involved in the  transmission of the infection. The causative agent is commonly  introduced into the skin (from surface contamination) through traumatic  breaches in the skin (irrespective of size). However, it is not well  understood whether infection can occur directly through the intact  skin, after an insect bite, or by direct person –to-person contact. </p>
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             Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a debilitating disease that mainly affects the skin but which can also affect the bone.  The causative agent is called Mycobacterium ulcerans, which although different, belongs to the same family of organisms that cause leprosy and tuberculosis.  This affection is one of the most common mycobacterial diseases in human health.  Several cases of BU have been identified in at least 26 countries in the African Region since the early 1940s.  However, in recent years, an increasing number of cases have been recorded in nearly all Western Africa countries, along the Gulf of Guinea. The causative agent is Mycobacterium ulcerans. For it to cause disease, it must either be transmitted from one infected individual directly to another    (e.g.; direct contact) or through the environment (e.g.; via an intermediate host) to a susceptible host. It must also have the capability of surviving and multiplying in either the environment or the host or in both.<br /><br />
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       Generally, the reservoir of infection is not exactly known but is  believed to be either the sick individual or the environment,  especially marshy soil and vegetation along slow-flowing streams and  rivers, or perhaps an intermediate host that thrives in such  environment conditions. The latent period for infection to progress to  disease in the susceptible host is also not well known. The mode of  transmission is not entirely known.  Recent evidence suggests that certain aquatic insects (aquatic bug)  belonging to the genus Naucoris and Diplonychus may be involved in the  transmission of the infection. The causative agent is commonly  introduced into the skin (from surface contamination) through traumatic  breaches in the skin (irrespective of size). However, it is not well  understood whether infection can occur directly through the intact  skin, after an insect bite, or by direct person –to-person contact.<br /><br />
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               One interesting hypothesis concerns the possibility of transmission by some aquatic species. Nevertheless, this bacteria it’s environmental, the simple hypothesis is the direct transmission of M.ulcerans by contaminated water. To identify the more probable way of transmission of M.ulcerans in environment, we rely on data and mathematical modeling transmission of M.ulcerans. Using Synthetic biology approaches we managed to build two different epidemiological models taken account of these two ways of possible transmission. The first model concerns the “environmental” transmission by contact with mycobacteria, through contaminated water. The second epidemiological model concerns the transmission of mycobacterium by ecological “networks”. The parameters of these two epidemiological models will be estimated from data of field with the more probable mode of transmission.  <br />
               One interesting hypothesis concerns the possibility of transmission by some aquatic species. Nevertheless, this bacteria it’s environmental, the simple hypothesis is the direct transmission of M.ulcerans by contaminated water. To identify the more probable way of transmission of M.ulcerans in environment, we rely on data and mathematical modeling transmission of M.ulcerans. Using Synthetic biology approaches we managed to build two different epidemiological models taken account of these two ways of possible transmission. The first model concerns the “environmental” transmission by contact with mycobacteria, through contaminated water. The second epidemiological model concerns the transmission of mycobacterium by ecological “networks”. The parameters of these two epidemiological models will be estimated from data of field with the more probable mode of transmission.  <br />
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       <p align="justify" class="Style6">2.VACCINE. </p>
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       <b>2.VACCINE.</b><br />
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    <p align="justify" class="Style6">M. ulcerans causing by B.U. This infection can be treated with  multi drugs regime (rifampicin and streptomycin) but this is often  associated with induced antibiotic resistance and does not protect  individuals from re-infection  Vaccination against M. ulcerans can therefore be aviable alternator to  control this wide spread infection. However, developing an effective  vaccine against M. ulcerans has presented a challenge because M.  ulcérans or its components.</p></td>
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  M. ulcerans causing by B.U. This infection can be treated with  multi drugs regime (rifampicin and streptomycin) but this is often  associated with induced antibiotic resistance and does not protect  individuals from re-infection  Vaccination against M. ulcerans can therefore be aviable alternator to  control this wide spread infection. However, developing an effective  vaccine against M. ulcerans has presented a challenge because M.  ulcérans or its components. <br /><br />
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      <h2>We're sponsored by</h2>
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    <img src="promed.png" width="100" height="27" /><img src="zenufa.png" width="100" height="42" /><br /><img src="mephartech.png" width="100" height="91" /><img src="wegenia.png" width="100" height="99" /><br /></td>
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         <span title="">NB. </span><span title="">Sisi differents njia mbili kwa  ajili ya mradi huu: modeling maambukizi na engineered mycobacterial chanjo.<br />
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         NB. Sisi differents njia mbili kwa  ajili ya mradi huu: modeling maambukizi na engineered mycobacterial chanjo.<br />
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        </span><span title="">1.TRANSMISSION<br />
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      1.TRANSMISSION<br />
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         </span><span title="">Buruli kidonda (Bu) ni ugonjwa wa lazima kwamba hasa  unaathiri ngozi lakini ambayo inaweza pia kuathiri mifupa. </span><span title="">wakala  causative inaitwa Mycobacterium ulcerans, ambayo ingawa tofauti, ni mali ya  familia moja ya viumbe kwamba sababu ukoma na kifua kikuu. </span><span title="">Upendo  hii ni moja ya magonjwa ya kawaida mycobacterial katika afya ya binadamu. </span><span title="">Matukio kadhaa ya Bu zinajulikana kwa uchache katika nchi 26 katika  Mkoa wa Afrika tangu miaka ya 1940 mapema. </span><span title="">Hata hivyo,  katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, kuongezeka kwa idadi ya kesi wamekuwa kumbukumbu  katika karibu nchi zote za Afrika Magharibi, pamoja na Ghuba ya Guinea. </span><span title="">wakala causative ni Mycobacterium ulcerans. </span><span title="">Kwa  maana kwa sababu ya ugonjwa, ni lazima aidha kuambukizwa kutoka kwa mtu mmoja  kuambukizwa moja kwa moja hadi nyingine (kwa mfano, kuwasiliana moja kwa moja)  au kwa njia ya mazingira (mfano; kupitia jeshi kati) na mwenyeji wanahusika. </span><span title="">Ni lazima pia kuwa na uwezo wa kuishi na kuzidisha katika mazingira  ama au mwenyeji au zote mbili.<br />
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         Buruli kidonda (Bu) ni ugonjwa wa lazima kwamba hasa  unaathiri ngozi lakini ambayo inaweza pia kuathiri mifupa. wakala  causative inaitwa Mycobacterium ulcerans, ambayo ingawa tofauti, ni mali ya  familia moja ya viumbe kwamba sababu ukoma na kifua kikuu. Upendo  hii ni moja ya magonjwa ya kawaida mycobacterial katika afya ya binadamu. Matukio kadhaa ya Bu zinajulikana kwa uchache katika nchi 26 katika  Mkoa wa Afrika tangu miaka ya 1940 mapema. Hata hivyo,  katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, kuongezeka kwa idadi ya kesi wamekuwa kumbukumbu  katika karibu nchi zote za Afrika Magharibi, pamoja na Ghuba ya Guinea. wakala causative ni Mycobacterium ulcerans. Kwa  maana kwa sababu ya ugonjwa, ni lazima aidha kuambukizwa kutoka kwa mtu mmoja  kuambukizwa moja kwa moja hadi nyingine (kwa mfano, kuwasiliana moja kwa moja)  au kwa njia ya mazingira (mfano; kupitia jeshi kati) na mwenyeji wanahusika. Ni lazima pia kuwa na uwezo wa kuishi na kuzidisha katika mazingira  ama au mwenyeji au zote mbili.<br />
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         </span><span title="">Kwa ujumla, hifadhi ya ukimwi si hasa inajulikana lakini  ni kuamini kuwa aidha mtu mgonjwa au mazingira, hasa marshy udongo na mimea  kwenye mito inapita polepole na mito, au labda jeshi kati kwamba vyema katika  hali ya vile mazingira. </span><span title="">kipindi latent kwa maambukizi ya  maendeleo na ugonjwa huo katika jeshi wanahusika pia si vizuri sana. </span><span title="">mode ya maambukizi si inajulikana kabisa. </span><span title="">Ushahidi  wa karibuni unaonyesha kuwa baadhi ya wadudu majini (majini bug) mali ya  Naucoris jenasi na Diplonychus anaweza kushiriki katika maambukizi ya ukimwi. </span><span title="">wakala causative ni kawaida kuletwa ndani ya ngozi (kutoka  ytkontaminering) kwa njia ya ukiukaji kiwewe katika ngozi (bila kujali ukubwa). </span><span title="">Hata hivyo, si vyema kama maambukizi yanaweza kutokea  moja kwa moja kupitia ngozi intact, baada ya kuumwa na wadudu, au kwa  kuwasiliana moja kwa moja mtu hadi mtu.<br />
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         Kwa ujumla, hifadhi ya ukimwi si hasa inajulikana lakini  ni kuamini kuwa aidha mtu mgonjwa au mazingira, hasa marshy udongo na mimea  kwenye mito inapita polepole na mito, au labda jeshi kati kwamba vyema katika  hali ya vile mazingira. kipindi latent kwa maambukizi ya  maendeleo na ugonjwa huo katika jeshi wanahusika pia si vizuri sana. mode ya maambukizi si inajulikana kabisa. Ushahidi  wa karibuni unaonyesha kuwa baadhi ya wadudu majini (majini bug) mali ya  Naucoris jenasi na Diplonychus anaweza kushiriki katika maambukizi ya ukimwi. wakala causative ni kawaida kuletwa ndani ya ngozi (kutoka  ytkontaminering) kwa njia ya ukiukaji kiwewe katika ngozi (bila kujali ukubwa). Hata hivyo, si vyema kama maambukizi yanaweza kutokea  moja kwa moja kupitia ngozi intact, baada ya kuumwa na wadudu, au kwa  kuwasiliana moja kwa moja mtu hadi mtu.<br />
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         </span><span title="">One hypothesis ya kuvutia wasiwasi ya uwezekano wa  maambukizi kwa baadhi ya aina ya majini. </span><span title="">Hata hivyo, hii  ni bakteria mazingira, hypothesis rahisi ni maambukizi ya moja kwa moja ya  M.ulcerans na maji yenye vimelea. </span><span title="">Kutambua njia inaelekea  zaidi ya maambukizi ya M.ulcerans katika mazingira, sisi kutegemea data na  maambukizi ya hisabati modeling M.ulcerans. </span><span title="">Kutumia mbinu  biolojia Synthetic sisi imeweza kujenga mbili tofauti mifano epidemiological  kuchukuliwa akaunti ya njia hizo mbili ya maambukizi iwezekanavyo. </span><span title="">mtindo wa kwanza wasiwasi &quot;mazingira&quot; maambukizi kwa  kuwasiliana na mycobacteria, kwa njia ya maji yenye vimelea. </span><span title="">pili mfano epidemiological wasiwasi maambukizi ya mycobacterium na  &quot;mtandao&quot; kiikolojia. </span><span title="">vigezo ya mifano miwili  epidemiological inakadiriwa kuwa na data ya shamba kwa mode inaelekea zaidi ya  maambukizi.<br />
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         One hypothesis ya kuvutia wasiwasi ya uwezekano wa  maambukizi kwa baadhi ya aina ya majini. Hata hivyo, hii  ni bakteria mazingira, hypothesis rahisi ni maambukizi ya moja kwa moja ya  M.ulcerans na maji yenye vimelea. Kutambua njia inaelekea  zaidi ya maambukizi ya M.ulcerans katika mazingira, sisi kutegemea data na  maambukizi ya hisabati modeling M.ulcerans. Kutumia mbinu  biolojia Synthetic sisi imeweza kujenga mbili tofauti mifano epidemiological  kuchukuliwa akaunti ya njia hizo mbili ya maambukizi iwezekanavyo. mtindo wa kwanza wasiwasi &quot;mazingira&quot; maambukizi kwa  kuwasiliana na mycobacteria, kwa njia ya maji yenye vimelea. pili mfano epidemiological wasiwasi maambukizi ya mycobacterium na  &quot;mtandao&quot; kiikolojia. vigezo ya mifano miwili  epidemiological inakadiriwa kuwa na data ya shamba kwa mode inaelekea zaidi ya  maambukizi.<br />
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         </span><span title="">2.VACCINE.<br />
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         <b>2.VACCINE.</b><br />
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        </span><span title="">M. ulcerans na kusababisha kwa B.U. </span><span title="">Maambukizi  inaweza kutibiwa na serikali mbalimbali ya kulevya (Rifampicin na streptomycin)  lakini hii ni mara nyingi zinazohusiana na upinzani ikiwa antibiotic na haina  kulinda watu binafsi kutoka re-Chanjo dhidi ya maambukizi ya M. ulcerans hiyo  anaweza kuwa aviable alternator kudhibiti kuenea kwa maambukizi ya upana huu. </span><span title="">Hata hivyo, kuendeleza chanjo ufanisi dhidi ya M. ulcerans ina  changamoto ya kuwasilishwa kwa sababu M. ulcérans au sehemu yake.</span></div></td>
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    M. ulcerans na kusababisha kwa B.U. Maambukizi  inaweza kutibiwa na serikali mbalimbali ya kulevya (Rifampicin na streptomycin)  lakini hii ni mara nyingi zinazohusiana na upinzani ikiwa antibiotic na haina  kulinda watu binafsi kutoka re-Chanjo dhidi ya maambukizi ya M. ulcerans hiyo  anaweza kuwa aviable alternator kudhibiti kuenea kwa maambukizi ya upana huu. Hata hivyo, kuendeleza chanjo ufanisi dhidi ya M. ulcerans ina  changamoto ya kuwasilishwa kwa sababu M. ulcérans au sehemu yake. <br /><br /><br /><a name="french" id="french"></a>ABSRTACT <br />
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      Nous avons deux approches  différentes pour ce projet: la transmission de modélisation et d'ingénierie de  vaccins mycobactéries. <br />
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      1.TRANSMISSION <br />
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          <span title="NB." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">NB. </span><span title="We have two differents approaches for this project: modelling transmission and engineered mycobacterial vaccine." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Nous avons deux approches  différentes pour ce projet: la transmission de modélisation et d'ingénierie de  vaccins mycobactéries. </span><br />
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      Ulcère de Buruli (UB) est une  maladie débilitante qui affecte principalement la peau mais qui peut aussi affecter  l'os. L'agent causal est appelé  Mycobacterium ulcerans, qui bien que différents, appartient à la même famille  d'organismes qui causent la lèpre et la tuberculose. Cette affection est l'une des  maladies les plus courantes mycobactérienne dans la santé humaine. Plusieurs cas d'UB ont été  identifiés dans au moins 26 pays dans la Région africaine depuis le début des  années 1940. Cependant, ces dernières années,  un nombre croissant de cas ont été enregistrés dans presque tous les pays  d'Afrique de l'Ouest, le long du golfe de Guinée. Car c'est de provoquer une  maladie, il doit soit être transmis d'un individu infecté directement à un  autre (par exemple, un contact direct) ou par le biais de l'environnement (par  exemple, via un hôte intermédiaire) à un hôte sensible. Il doit également avoir la  capacité de survivre et de se multiplier dans l'environnement ou de l'hôte ou  dans les deux. <br />
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          <span title="1.TRANSMISSION" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">1.TRANSMISSION </span><br />
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      Généralement, le réservoir de  l'infection n'est pas exactement connue, mais on croit être de l'individu soit  malade ou l'environnement, le sol marécageux et la végétation en particulier le  long cours d'eau lents et les rivières, ou peut-être un hôte intermédiaire qui  prospère dans des conditions un tel environnement. La période de latence de  l'infection au progrès de la maladie dans l'hôte sensible est également mal  connue. Des données récentes suggèrent  que certains insectes aquatiques (bug aquatiques) appartenant à la Naucoris  genre et Diplonychus peuvent être impliqués dans la transmission de  l'infection. L'agent causal est généralement  introduit dans la peau (de la contamination de surface) à travers les brèches  traumatiques dans la peau (indépendamment de leur taille). Cependant, il n'est pas bien  compris si l'infection peut se produire directement par la peau intacte, après  une piqûre d'insecte ou par contact direct de personne à personne. <br />
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      Une hypothèse intéressante  concerne la possibilité de transmission par certaines espèces aquatiques. Néanmoins,  cette bactérie c'est l'environnement, l'hypothèse est simple: la transmission  directe de M. ulcerans par l'eau contaminée. Pour identifier la manière la  plus probable de transmission de M. ulcerans dans l'environnement, nous nous  appuyons sur des données et la modélisation mathématique de la transmission M.  ulcerans. En utilisant des approches de  biologie de synthèse, nous avons réussi à construire deux différents modèles  épidémiologiques prises en compte de ces deux modes de transmission possibles. Le premier modèle concerne les  &quot;environnementaux&quot; la transmission par contact avec des  mycobactéries, par l'eau contaminée. Le second modèle épidémiologique  concerne la transmission de Mycobacterium par des facteurs écologiques  &quot;réseaux&quot;. Les paramètres de ces deux  modèles épidémiologiques seront estimés à partir des données du terrain avec le  mode plus probable de transmission.  
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          <span title="Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a debilitating disease that mainly affects the skin but which can also affect the bone." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Ulcère de Buruli (UB) est une  maladie débilitante qui affecte principalement la peau mais qui peut aussi affecter  l'os. </span><span title="The causative agent is called Mycobacterium ulcerans, which although different, belongs to the same family of organisms that cause leprosy and tuberculosis." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">L'agent causal est appelé  Mycobacterium ulcerans, qui bien que différents, appartient à la même famille  d'organismes qui causent la lèpre et la tuberculose. </span><span title="This affection is one of the most common mycobacterial diseases in human health." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Cette affection est l'une des  maladies les plus courantes mycobactérienne dans la santé humaine. </span><span title="Several cases of BU have been identified in at least 26 countries in the African Region since the early 1940s." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Plusieurs cas d'UB ont été  identifiés dans au moins 26 pays dans la Région africaine depuis le début des  années 1940. </span><span title="However, in recent years, an increasing number of cases have been recorded in nearly all Western Africa countries, along the Gulf of Guinea." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Cependant, ces dernières années,  un nombre croissant de cas ont été enregistrés dans presque tous les pays  d'Afrique de l'Ouest, le long du golfe de Guinée. </span><span title="The causative agent is Mycobacterium ulcerans." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">L'agent étiologique est  Mycobacterium ulcerans. </span><span title="For it to cause disease, it must either be transmitted from one infected individual directly to another (eg; direct contact) or through the environment (eg; via an intermediate host) to a susceptible host." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Car c'est de provoquer une  maladie, il doit soit être transmis d'un individu infecté directement à un  autre (par exemple, un contact direct) ou par le biais de l'environnement (par  exemple, via un hôte intermédiaire) à un hôte sensible. </span><span title="It must also have the capability of surviving and multiplying in either the environment or the host or in both." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Il doit également avoir la  capacité de survivre et de se multiplier dans l'environnement ou de l'hôte ou  dans les deux. </span><br />
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      2.VACCINE. <br />
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          <span title="Generally, the reservoir of infection is not exactly known but is believed to be either the sick individual or the environment, especially marshy soil and vegetation along slow-flowing streams and rivers, or perhaps an intermediate host that thrives in such environment conditions." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Généralement, le réservoir de  l'infection n'est pas exactement connue, mais on croit être de l'individu soit  malade ou l'environnement, le sol marécageux et la végétation en particulier le  long cours d'eau lents et les rivières, ou peut-être un hôte intermédiaire qui  prospère dans des conditions un tel environnement. </span><span title="The latent period for infection to progress to disease in the susceptible host is also not well known." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">La période de latence de  l'infection au progrès de la maladie dans l'hôte sensible est également mal  connue. </span><span title="The mode of transmission is not entirely known." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"> </span>Le  mode de transmission n'est pas entièrement connue. <span title="Recent evidence suggests that certain aquatic insects (aquatic bug) belonging to the genus Naucoris and Diplonychus may be involved in the transmission of the infection." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Des données récentes suggèrent  que certains insectes aquatiques (bug aquatiques) appartenant à la Naucoris  genre et Diplonychus peuvent être impliqués dans la transmission de  l'infection. </span><span title="The causative agent is commonly introduced into the skin (from surface contamination) through traumatic breaches in the skin (irrespective of size)." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">L'agent causal est généralement  introduit dans la peau (de la contamination de surface) à travers les brèches  traumatiques dans la peau (indépendamment de leur taille). </span><span title="However, it is not well understood whether infection can occur directly through the intact skin, after an insect bite, or by direct person –to-person contact." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Cependant, il n'est pas bien  compris si l'infection peut se produire directement par la peau intacte, après  une piqûre d'insecte ou par contact direct de personne à personne. </span><br />
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      M. ulcerans provoquant par B.U. Cette infection peut être  traitée avec le régime des médicaments multiples (rifampicine et streptomycine)  mais cela est souvent associée à la résistance aux antibiotiques induite et ne  protège pas les individus de ré-infection vaccination contre M. ulcerans peut  donc être l'alternateur aviable pour contrôler cette infection très répandue. Toutefois, le développement d'un  vaccin efficace contre M. ulcerans a présenté un défi parce que M. ulcerans ou  de ses composants.</p>
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          <span title="One interesting hypothesis concerns the possibility of transmission by some aquatic species." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Une hypothèse intéressante  concerne la possibilité de transmission par certaines espèces aquatiques. </span><span title="Nevertheless, this bacteria it's environmental, the simple hypothesis is the direct transmission of M.ulcerans by contaminated water." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"> </span>Néanmoins,  cette bactérie c'est l'environnement, l'hypothèse est simple: la transmission  directe de M. ulcerans par l'eau contaminée. <span title="To identify the more probable way of transmission of M.ulcerans in environment, we rely on data and mathematical modeling transmission of M.ulcerans." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Pour identifier la manière la  plus probable de transmission de M. ulcerans dans l'environnement, nous nous  appuyons sur des données et la modélisation mathématique de la transmission M.  ulcerans. </span><span title="Using Synthetic biology approaches we managed to build two different epidemiological models taken account of these two ways of possible transmission." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">En utilisant des approches de  biologie de synthèse, nous avons réussi à construire deux différents modèles  épidémiologiques prises en compte de ces deux modes de transmission possibles. </span><span title="The first model concerns the “environmental” transmission by contact with mycobacteria, through contaminated water." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Le premier modèle concerne les  &quot;environnementaux&quot; la transmission par contact avec des  mycobactéries, par l'eau contaminée. </span><span title="The second epidemiological model concerns the transmission of mycobacterium by ecological “networks”." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Le second modèle épidémiologique  concerne la transmission de Mycobacterium par des facteurs écologiques  &quot;réseaux&quot;. </span><span title="The parameters of these two epidemiological models will be estimated from data of field with the more probable mode of transmission." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Les paramètres de ces deux  modèles épidémiologiques seront estimés à partir des données du terrain avec le  mode plus probable de transmission. </span><br />
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  <br /><br /><br /><a name="spanish" id="spanish"></a></span>ABSRTACT <br />
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          <span title="2.VACCINE." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">2.VACCINE. </span><br />
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      NB. Tenemos dos enfoques diferentes  para este proyecto: la transmisión de modelos y la vacuna de micobacterias de  ingeniería. <br />
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          <span title="M. ulcerans causing by B.U." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">M. ulcerans provoquant par B.U. </span><span title="This infection can be treated with multi drugs regime (rifampicin and streptomycin) but this is often associated with induced antibiotic resistance and does not protect individuals from re-infection Vaccination against M. ulcerans can therefore be aviable alternator to control this wide spread infection." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Cette infection peut être  traitée avec le régime des médicaments multiples (rifampicine et streptomycine)  mais cela est souvent associée à la résistance aux antibiotiques induite et ne  protège pas les individus de ré-infection vaccination contre M. ulcerans peut  donc être l'alternateur aviable pour contrôler cette infection très répandue. </span><span title="However, developing an effective vaccine against M. ulcerans has presented a challenge because M. ulcérans or its components." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Toutefois, le développement d'un  vaccin efficace contre M. ulcerans a présenté un défi parce que M. ulcerans ou  de ses composants.</span></p>
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      1.TRANSMISSION <br />
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      Úlcera de Buruli (UB) es una  enfermedad debilitante que afecta principalmente la piel, sino que también  pueden afectar el hueso. El agente etiológico es  Mycobacterium ulcerans, que aunque son diferentes, pertenece a la misma familia  de organismos que causan la lepra y la tuberculosis. Esta afección es una de las  enfermedades micobacterianas más común en la salud humana. Varios casos de la UB se han  identificado en al menos 26 países de la Región de África desde la década de  1940. Sin embargo, en los últimos  años, un creciente número de casos se han registrado en casi todos los países  de África occidental, a lo largo del Golfo de Guinea. Para que causan la enfermedad,  éste deberá ser transmitido de una persona infectada directamente a otro (por  ejemplo, el contacto directo) o por el medio ambiente (por ejemplo, a través de  un huésped intermediario) a un huésped susceptible. También debe tener la capacidad  de sobrevivir y multiplicarse en el medio ambiente o el anfitrión o en ambos. <br />
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      En general, el reservorio de la  infección no se conoce con exactitud, pero se cree que sea el enfermo o el  medio ambiente, especialmente el suelo pantanoso y de la vegetación a lo largo  de arroyos de corriente lenta y ríos, o tal vez de un huésped intermediario que  prospera en condiciones de ese entorno. El período de latencia de la  infección para el progreso de la enfermedad en el huésped susceptible tampoco  es bien conocida. Evidencias recientes sugieren  que ciertos insectos acuáticos (insectos acuáticos), perteneciente al género y  Naucoris Diplonychus pueden estar implicados en la transmisión de la infección. El agente causal es común  introduce en la piel (de la contaminación de la superficie) a través de  violaciones traumáticas en la piel (independientemente de su tamaño). Sin embargo, no se entiende bien  si la infección puede ocurrir directamente a través de la piel intacta, después  de una picadura de insecto, o por contacto directo de persona a persona. <br />
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      Una hipótesis interesante es la  posibilidad de transmisión de algunas especies acuáticas. Sin embargo, esta bacteria es el  medio ambiente, la simple hipótesis es la transmisión directa de M.ulcerans por  el agua contaminada. Para identificar la forma más  probable de transmisión de M.ulcerans en el ambiente, nos basamos en los datos  y la transmisión de modelos matemáticos de M.ulcerans. La biología sintética utilizando  enfoques nos las arreglamos para la construcción de dos diferentes modelos  epidemiológicos tenido en cuenta estas dos formas de posible transmisión. El primer modelo se refiere a la  &quot;ambiental&quot;, la transmisión por el contacto con las micobacterias, a  través de agua contaminada. El modelo epidemiológico segundo  se refiere a la transmisión de Mycobacterium ecológica &quot;redes&quot;. Los parámetros de estos dos  modelos epidemiológicos se calculará a partir de datos de campo con el modo más  probable de transmisión. <br />
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       2.VACCINE. <br />
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    M. ulcerans causa por B.U. Esta infección puede ser tratada  con el régimen de medicamentos múltiples (rifampicina y estreptomicina), pero  esto a menudo se asocia con resistencia a los antibióticos inducido y no  proteger a las personas de la vacunación contra la re-infección de  Mycobacterium ulcerans y por lo tanto, puede ser el alternador aviable para  controlar esta infección de forma generalizada. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de  una vacuna eficaz contra M. ulcerans ha presentado un reto, porque M. ulcerans  o sus componentes.<br /><br /><br /><a name="chiness" id="chiness"></a>
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      ABSRTACT <br />
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         <span title="NB." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">NB. </span><span title="We have two differents approaches for this project: modelling transmission and engineered mycobacterial vaccine." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Tenemos dos enfoques diferentes  para este proyecto: la transmisión de modelos y la vacuna de micobacterias de  ingeniería. </span><br />
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         NB。我们有两个differents这个项目的方法:模拟传输和工程分枝杆菌疫苗。 <br />
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         <span title="1.TRANSMISSION" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">1.TRANSMISSION </span><br />
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         <span title="Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a debilitating disease that mainly affects the skin but which can also affect the bone." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Úlcera de Buruli (UB) es una  enfermedad debilitante que afecta principalmente la piel, sino que también  pueden afectar el hueso. </span><span title="The causative agent is called Mycobacterium ulcerans, which although different, belongs to the same family of organisms that cause leprosy and tuberculosis." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">El agente etiológico es  Mycobacterium ulcerans, que aunque son diferentes, pertenece a la misma familia  de organismos que causan la lepra y la tuberculosis. </span><span title="This affection is one of the most common mycobacterial diseases in human health." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Esta afección es una de las  enfermedades micobacterianas más común en la salud humana. </span><span title="Several cases of BU have been identified in at least 26 countries in the African Region since the early 1940s." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Varios casos de la UB se han  identificado en al menos 26 países de la Región de África desde la década de  1940. </span><span title="However, in recent years, an increasing number of cases have been recorded in nearly all Western Africa countries, along the Gulf of Guinea." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Sin embargo, en los últimos  años, un creciente número de casos se han registrado en casi todos los países  de África occidental, a lo largo del Golfo de Guinea. </span><span title="The causative agent is Mycobacterium ulcerans." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">El agente etiológico es  Mycobacterium ulcerans. </span><span title="For it to cause disease, it must either be transmitted from one infected individual directly to another (eg; direct contact) or through the environment (eg; via an intermediate host) to a susceptible host." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Para que causan la enfermedad,  éste deberá ser transmitido de una persona infectada directamente a otro (por  ejemplo, el contacto directo) o por el medio ambiente (por ejemplo, a través de  un huésped intermediario) a un huésped susceptible. </span><span title="It must also have the capability of surviving and multiplying in either the environment or the host or in both." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">También debe tener la capacidad  de sobrevivir y multiplicarse en el medio ambiente o el anfitrión o en ambos. </span><br />
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         布鲁里溃疡(BU)是一种使人衰弱的疾病,主要侵犯皮肤,但它也影响骨。病原体被称为溃疡分枝杆菌,这虽然是不同的,属于同一家庭的生物体引起麻风病和肺结核。这种感情是人类健康的最常见的分枝杆菌疾病之一。卜的几起案件已确定在20世纪40年代初以来,至少有26个非洲地区国家。然而,近年来,越来越多的案件已被记录在几乎所有西非国家,沿几内亚湾。病原体是溃疡分枝杆菌。它引起疾病,它必须被发送从一个受感染的个人直接到另一个(例如,直接接触)或通过环境(例如,通过中间宿主)易感宿主。它也必须有能力的生存环境或主机,或在两个乘以。 <br />
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         <span title="Generally, the reservoir of infection is not exactly known but is believed to be either the sick individual or the environment, especially marshy soil and vegetation along slow-flowing streams and rivers, or perhaps an intermediate host that thrives in such environment conditions." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">En general, el reservorio de la  infección no se conoce con exactitud, pero se cree que sea el enfermo o el  medio ambiente, especialmente el suelo pantanoso y de la vegetación a lo largo  de arroyos de corriente lenta y ríos, o tal vez de un huésped intermediario que  prospera en condiciones de ese entorno. </span><span title="The latent period for infection to progress to disease in the susceptible host is also not well known." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">El período de latencia de la  infección para el progreso de la enfermedad en el huésped susceptible tampoco  es bien conocida. </span><span title="The mode of transmission is not entirely known." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"> </span>El  modo de transmisión no es del todo conocida. <span title="Recent evidence suggests that certain aquatic insects (aquatic bug) belonging to the genus Naucoris and Diplonychus may be involved in the transmission of the infection." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Evidencias recientes sugieren  que ciertos insectos acuáticos (insectos acuáticos), perteneciente al género y  Naucoris Diplonychus pueden estar implicados en la transmisión de la infección. </span><span title="The causative agent is commonly introduced into the skin (from surface contamination) through traumatic breaches in the skin (irrespective of size)." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">El agente causal es común  introduce en la piel (de la contaminación de la superficie) a través de  violaciones traumáticas en la piel (independientemente de su tamaño). </span><span title="However, it is not well understood whether infection can occur directly through the intact skin, after an insect bite, or by direct person –to-person contact." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Sin embargo, no se entiende bien  si la infección puede ocurrir directamente a través de la piel intacta, después  de una picadura de insecto, o por contacto directo de persona a persona. </span><br />
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         一般而言,感染水库是不完全清楚,但被认为是患病的个人或环境,尤其是沼泽土壤和植被沿缓慢流动的溪流和河流,或者在这样的环境条件下茁壮成长的中间宿主,。潜伏期感染的易感宿主疾病进展也没有众所周知的。的传播方式是不完全知道。最近的证据表明,某些水生昆虫(水产品错误),属于属Naucoris和Diplonychus可能被感染的传播。常见的病原体是通过创伤违反皮肤在皮肤上(从表面污染)(不论大小)引入。但是,它没有很好地理解是否可以直接通过完整的皮肤发生感染,昆虫叮咬后,或由人对人的直接接触。 <br />
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         <span title="One interesting hypothesis concerns the possibility of transmission by some aquatic species." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Una hipótesis interesante es la  posibilidad de transmisión de algunas especies acuáticas. </span><span title="Nevertheless, this bacteria it's environmental, the simple hypothesis is the direct transmission of M.ulcerans by contaminated water." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Sin embargo, esta bacteria es el  medio ambiente, la simple hipótesis es la transmisión directa de M.ulcerans por  el agua contaminada. </span><span title="To identify the more probable way of transmission of M.ulcerans in environment, we rely on data and mathematical modeling transmission of M.ulcerans." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Para identificar la forma más  probable de transmisión de M.ulcerans en el ambiente, nos basamos en los datos  y la transmisión de modelos matemáticos de M.ulcerans. </span><span title="Using Synthetic biology approaches we managed to build two different epidemiological models taken account of these two ways of possible transmission." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">La biología sintética utilizando  enfoques nos las arreglamos para la construcción de dos diferentes modelos  epidemiológicos tenido en cuenta estas dos formas de posible transmisión. </span><span title="The first model concerns the “environmental” transmission by contact with mycobacteria, through contaminated water." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">El primer modelo se refiere a la  &quot;ambiental&quot;, la transmisión por el contacto con las micobacterias, a  través de agua contaminada. </span><span title="The second epidemiological model concerns the transmission of mycobacterium by ecological “networks”." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">El modelo epidemiológico segundo  se refiere a la transmisión de Mycobacterium ecológica &quot;redes&quot;. </span><span title="The parameters of these two epidemiological models will be estimated from data of field with the more probable mode of transmission." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Los parámetros de estos dos  modelos epidemiológicos se calculará a partir de datos de campo con el modo más  probable de transmisión. </span><br />
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         一个有趣的假设是关于传输的一些水生物种的可能性。然而,这种细菌的环境,简单的假设是M.ulcerans由被污染的水直接传输。为了识别环境中的M.ulcerans传输方式更可能,我们依靠的数据和数学建模传输M.ulcerans。使用合成生物学的方法,我们成功地建立两个不同的流行病学模型,采取的这两种方式可能传播的帐户。第一种模式关注的“环境”与分枝杆菌接触传播,通过污染的水。第二流行病学模型关注分枝杆菌的传播生态的“网络”。这两个流行病学模型参数估计的现场数据传输更可能的模式。 <br />
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         <span title="2.VACCINE." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">2.VACCINE. </span><br />
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         2.VACCINE。 <br />
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         <span title="M. ulcerans causing by B.U." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">M. ulcerans causa por B.U. </span><span title="This infection can be treated with multi drugs regime (rifampicin and streptomycin) but this is often associated with induced antibiotic resistance and does not protect individuals from re-infection Vaccination against M. ulcerans can therefore be aviable alternator to control this wide spread infection." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Esta infección puede ser tratada con el régimen de medicamentos múltiples (rifampicina y estreptomicina), pero esto a menudo se asocia con resistencia a los antibióticos inducido y no proteger a las personas de la vacunación contra la re-infección de Mycobacterium ulcerans y por lo tanto, puede ser el alternador aviable para controlar esta infección de forma generalizada. </span><span title="However, developing an effective vaccine against M. ulcerans has presented a challenge because M. ulcérans or its components." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Sin embargo, el desarrollo de una vacuna eficaz contra M. ulcerans ha presentado un reto, porque M. ulcerans  o sus componentes.</span></div></td>
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         B.U.引起的溃疡分枝杆菌多药物制度(利福平和链霉素),但是这往往是与诱导抗生素耐药性,并不能防止再感染对溃疡分枝杆菌疫苗的个人,因此,可以aviable发电机控制这种广泛的传播感染,这种感染是可以治疗的。然而,发展中国家对溃疡分枝杆菌有效的疫苗提出了挑战,因为溃疡分枝杆菌或其组成部分。 <br /><br /><hr noshade="noshade" width="100%" color="#666666"/><br /><br />
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      ABSTRACT <br />
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        NB. Wir haben zwei differents  Ansätze für dieses Projekt: Modellierung Übertragung und entwickelt  mykobakterielle Impfstoff. <br />
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        <b>1.TRANSMISSION </b><br />
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        Buruli (BU) ist eine schwächende  Krankheit, die vor allem die Haut, sondern die auch Einfluss auf die Knochen. Der Erreger ist Mycobacterium  ulcerans, die zwar unterschiedlich, gehört zur selben Familie von Organismen,  die Lepra und Tuberkulose verursachen. Diese Zuneigung ist  eine der häufigsten Erkrankungen in mykobakterielle die menschliche Gesundheit. Mehrere Fälle von BU wurden in  mindestens 26 Ländern in der afrikanischen Region seit den frühen 1940er Jahren  identifiziert worden. Doch in den letzten Jahren haben  eine zunehmende Zahl von Fällen, in fast allen westlichen Afrika Ländern  festzustellen waren, entlang dem Golf von Guinea. Der Erreger ist Mycobacterium  ulcerans. (; Direkten Kontakt zB) oder  über die Umwelt Denn Krankheit zu verursachen, muss es entweder von einer  infizierten Person direkt zu einem anderen übertragen werden (zB, über einen  Zwischenwirt) einen empfänglichen Wirt. Es muss auch die Fähigkeit  haben, zu überleben und vermehren entweder die Umwelt oder den Host-oder in  beiden. <br />
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        Im Allgemeinen ist das Reservoir  der Infektion nicht genau bekannt, aber wird angenommen, dass entweder das  kranke Individuum oder die Umwelt, vor allem sumpfigen Boden und Vegetation  entlang langsam fließenden Bächen und Flüssen, oder vielleicht einen  Zwischenwirt, dass in einer solchen Umgebung Bedingungen gedeiht. Die Latenzzeit für eine Infektion,  die Krankheit in den empfänglichen Wirt Fortschritt ist auch nicht bekannt. Die Art der Übertragung ist  nicht vollständig bekannt. Jüngsten Untersuchungen zufolge bestimmte Wasserinsekten (aquatische Bug), die zur Gattung Naucoris und Diplonychus kann bei der Übertragung der Infektion beteiligt sein. Der Erreger wird üblicherweise in die Haut (von Oberflächenkontamination) durch traumatische Verletzungen in der Haut (unabhängig von ihrer Größe) eingeführt. Allerdings ist es nicht gut  verstanden, ob eine Infektion kann direkt durch die intakte Haut nach einem Insektenstich oder durch direkte Mensch-zu-Person zu kontaktieren. <br />
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        Eine interessante Hypothese  betrifft die Möglichkeit der Übertragung von einigen Wasserlebewesen. Dennoch, dieser Bakterien ist die  Umwelt ist, ist die einfache Hypothese der direkten Übertragung von M.ulcerans durch verunreinigtes Wasser. Zur Identifizierung der  wahrscheinlichere Weg der Übertragung von M.ulcerans in Umwelt, setzen wir auf  Daten und mathematische Modellierung Übertragung von M.ulcerans. Mit Synthetische Biologie  Ansätze es uns gelungen, zwei verschiedene epidemiologische Modelle  berücksichtigen müssen diese zwei Arten von möglichen Übertragung zu bauen. Das erste Modell betrifft die  &quot;Umwelt&quot;-Übertragung durch Kontakt mit Mykobakterien, durch  verunreinigtes Wasser. Die zweite epidemiologische  Modell betrifft die Übertragung von Mycobacterium durch ökologische  &quot;Netzwerke&quot;. Die Parameter dieser beiden  epidemiologischen Modelle werden aus den Daten des Feldes mit desto  wahrscheinlicher Übertragungsweg geschätzt werden. <br />
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        2.VACCINE. <br />
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      M. ulcerans verursacht durch B.U. Diese Infektion kann mit  mehreren Medikamenten-Regime (Rifampicin und Streptomycin) aber das ist oft mit  induzierten Resistenz gegen Antibiotika verbunden und nicht den einzelnen vor  Re-Infektion Impfung gegen M. ulcerans kann daher Ansprechtemperatur  Lichtmaschine sein, um diese weit verbreitete Infektion Kontrolle behandelt  werden.Allerdings hat die Entwicklung  eines wirksamen Impfstoffes gegen M. ulcerans eine Herausforderung dar, weil M. ulcerans oder deren Komponenten.</div>   </div></td>
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          <span title="NB." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">NB。<span title="We have two differents approaches for this project: modelling transmission and engineered mycobacterial vaccine." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">我</span></span>们有两个differents这个项目的方法:模拟传输和工程分枝杆菌疫苗。 <br />
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      <h2>We're sponsored by</h2>
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          <span title="1.TRANSMISSION" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">1.TRANSMISSION </span><br />
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    <img src="promed.png" width="100" height="27" /><img src="zenufa.png" width="100" height="42" /><br /><img src="mephartech.png" width="100" height="91" /><img src="wegenia.png" width="100" height="99" /><br /></td>
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          <span title="Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a debilitating disease that mainly affects the skin but which can also affect the bone." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">布</span>鲁里溃疡(BU)是一种使人衰弱的疾病,主要侵犯皮肤,但它也影响骨。<span title="The causative agent is called Mycobacterium ulcerans, which although different, belongs to the same family of organisms that cause leprosy and tuberculosis." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">病原体被称</span>为溃疡分枝杆菌,这虽然是不同的,属于同一家庭的生物体引起麻风病和肺结核。<span title="This affection is one of the most common mycobacterial diseases in human health." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"> </span>这种感情是人类健康的最常见的分枝杆菌疾病之一。<span title="Several cases of BU have been identified in at least 26 countries in the African Region since the early 1940s." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">卜的几起案件已确定在</span>20世纪40年代初以来,至少有26个非洲地区国家。<span title="However, in recent years, an increasing number of cases have been recorded in nearly all Western Africa countries, along the Gulf of Guinea." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">然而,近年来,越来越多的案件已被</span>记录在几乎所有西非国家,沿几内亚湾。<span title="The causative agent is Mycobacterium ulcerans." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">病原体是</span>溃疡分枝杆菌。<span title="For it to cause disease, it must either be transmitted from one infected individual directly to another (eg; direct contact) or through the environment (eg; via an intermediate host) to a susceptible host." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">它引起疾病,它必</span>须被发送从一个受感染的个人直接到另一个(例如,直接接触)或通过环境(例如,通过中间宿主)易感宿主。<span title="It must also have the capability of surviving and multiplying in either the environment or the host or in both." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">它也必</span>须有能力的生存环境或主机,或在两个乘以。 <br />
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          <span title="Generally, the reservoir of infection is not exactly known but is believed to be either the sick individual or the environment, especially marshy soil and vegetation along slow-flowing streams and rivers, or perhaps an intermediate host that thrives in such environment conditions." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">一般而言</span>,感染水库是不完全清楚,但被认为是患病的个人或环境,尤其是沼泽土壤和植被沿缓慢流动的溪流和河流,或者在这样的环境条件下茁壮成长的中间宿主,。<span title="The latent period for infection to progress to disease in the susceptible host is also not well known." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">潜伏期感染的易感宿主疾病</span>进展也没有众所周知的。<span title="The mode of transmission is not entirely known." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">的</span>传播方式是不完全知道。<span title="Recent evidence suggests that certain aquatic insects (aquatic bug) belonging to the genus Naucoris and Diplonychus may be involved in the transmission of the infection." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">最近的</span>证据表明,某些水生昆虫(水产品错误),属于属Naucoris和Diplonychus可能被感染的传播。<span title="The causative agent is commonly introduced into the skin (from surface contamination) through traumatic breaches in the skin (irrespective of size)." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">常</span>见的病原体是通过创伤违反皮肤在皮肤上(从表面污染)(不论大小)引入。<span title="However, it is not well understood whether infection can occur directly through the intact skin, after an insect bite, or by direct person –to-person contact." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">但是</span>,它没有很好地理解是否可以直接通过完整的皮肤发生感染,昆虫叮咬后,或由人对人的直接接触。 <br />
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          <span title="One interesting hypothesis concerns the possibility of transmission by some aquatic species." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">一个有趣的假</span>设是关于传输的一些水生物种的可能性。<span title="Nevertheless, this bacteria it's environmental, the simple hypothesis is the direct transmission of M.ulcerans by contaminated water." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">然而</span>,这种细菌的环境,简单的假设是M.ulcerans由被污染的水直接传输。<span title="To identify the more probable way of transmission of M.ulcerans in environment, we rely on data and mathematical modeling transmission of M.ulcerans." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"> </span>为了识别环境中的M.ulcerans传输方式更可能,我们依靠的数据和数学建模传输M.ulcerans。<span title="Using Synthetic biology approaches we managed to build two different epidemiological models taken account of these two ways of possible transmission." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">使用合成生物学的方法</span>,我们成功地建立两个不同的流行病学模型,采取的这两种方式可能传播的帐户。<span title="The first model concerns the “environmental” transmission by contact with mycobacteria, through contaminated water." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">第一种模式关注的</span>“环境”与分枝杆菌接触传播,通过污染的水。<span title="The second epidemiological model concerns the transmission of mycobacterium by ecological “networks”." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">第二流行病学模型关注分枝杆菌的</span>传播生态的“网络”。<span title="The parameters of these two epidemiological models will be estimated from data of field with the more probable mode of transmission." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"> </span>这两个流行病学模型参数估计的现场数据传输更可能的模式。 <br />
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          <span title="M. ulcerans causing by B.U." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">B.U.</span>引起的溃疡分枝杆菌<span title="This infection can be treated with multi drugs regime (rifampicin and streptomycin) but this is often associated with induced antibiotic resistance and does not protect individuals from re-infection Vaccination against M. ulcerans can therefore be aviable alternator to control this wide spread infection." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">多</span>药物制度(利福平和链霉素),但是这往往是与诱导抗生素耐药性,并不能防止再感染对溃疡分枝杆菌疫苗的个人,因此,可以aviable发电机控制这种广泛的传播感染,这种感染是可以治疗的。<span title="However, developing an effective vaccine against M. ulcerans has presented a challenge because M. ulcérans or its components." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">然而,</span>发展中国家对溃疡分枝杆菌有效的疫苗提出了挑战,因为溃疡分枝杆菌或其组成部分。 </p>
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          <span title="NB." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">NB. </span><span title="We have two differents approaches for this project: modelling transmission and engineered mycobacterial vaccine." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Wir haben zwei differents  Ansätze für dieses Projekt: Modellierung Übertragung und entwickelt  mykobakterielle Impfstoff. </span><br />
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          <span title="Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a debilitating disease that mainly affects the skin but which can also affect the bone." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Buruli (BU) ist eine schwächende  Krankheit, die vor allem die Haut, sondern die auch Einfluss auf die Knochen. </span><span title="The causative agent is called Mycobacterium ulcerans, which although different, belongs to the same family of organisms that cause leprosy and tuberculosis." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Der Erreger ist Mycobacterium  ulcerans, die zwar unterschiedlich, gehört zur selben Familie von Organismen,  die Lepra und Tuberkulose verursachen. </span><span title="This affection is one of the most common mycobacterial diseases in human health." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"> </span>Diese Zuneigung ist  eine der häufigsten Erkrankungen in mykobakterielle die menschliche Gesundheit. <span title="Several cases of BU have been identified in at least 26 countries in the African Region since the early 1940s." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Mehrere Fälle von BU wurden in  mindestens 26 Ländern in der afrikanischen Region seit den frühen 1940er Jahren  identifiziert worden. </span><span title="However, in recent years, an increasing number of cases have been recorded in nearly all Western Africa countries, along the Gulf of Guinea." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Doch in den letzten Jahren haben  eine zunehmende Zahl von Fällen, in fast allen westlichen Afrika Ländern  festzustellen waren, entlang dem Golf von Guinea. </span><span title="The causative agent is Mycobacterium ulcerans." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Der Erreger ist Mycobacterium  ulcerans. </span><span title="For it to cause disease, it must either be transmitted from one infected individual directly to another (eg; direct contact) or through the environment (eg; via an intermediate host) to a susceptible host." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">(; Direkten Kontakt zB) oder  über die Umwelt Denn Krankheit zu verursachen, muss es entweder von einer  infizierten Person direkt zu einem anderen übertragen werden (zB, über einen  Zwischenwirt) einen empfänglichen Wirt. </span><span title="It must also have the capability of surviving and multiplying in either the environment or the host or in both." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Es muss auch die Fähigkeit  haben, zu überleben und vermehren entweder die Umwelt oder den Host-oder in  beiden. </span><br />
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          <span title="Generally, the reservoir of infection is not exactly known but is believed to be either the sick individual or the environment, especially marshy soil and vegetation along slow-flowing streams and rivers, or perhaps an intermediate host that thrives in such environment conditions." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Im Allgemeinen ist das Reservoir  der Infektion nicht genau bekannt, aber wird angenommen, dass entweder das  kranke Individuum oder die Umwelt, vor allem sumpfigen Boden und Vegetation  entlang langsam fließenden Bächen und Flüssen, oder vielleicht einen  Zwischenwirt, dass in einer solchen Umgebung Bedingungen gedeiht. </span><span title="The latent period for infection to progress to disease in the susceptible host is also not well known." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"> </span>Die Latenzzeit für eine Infektion,  die Krankheit in den empfänglichen Wirt Fortschritt ist auch nicht bekannt. <span title="The mode of transmission is not entirely known." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Die Art der Übertragung ist  nicht vollständig bekannt. </span><span title="Recent evidence suggests that certain aquatic insects (aquatic bug) belonging to the genus Naucoris and Diplonychus may be involved in the transmission of the infection." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Jüngsten Untersuchungen zufolge  bestimmte Wasserinsekten (aquatische Bug), die zur Gattung Naucoris und  Diplonychus kann bei der Übertragung der Infektion beteiligt sein. </span><span title="The causative agent is commonly introduced into the skin (from surface contamination) through traumatic breaches in the skin (irrespective of size)." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Der Erreger wird üblicherweise  in die Haut (von Oberflächenkontamination) durch traumatische Verletzungen in  der Haut (unabhängig von ihrer Größe) eingeführt. </span><span title="However, it is not well understood whether infection can occur directly through the intact skin, after an insect bite, or by direct person –to-person contact." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Allerdings ist es nicht gut  verstanden, ob eine Infektion kann direkt durch die intakte Haut nach einem  Insektenstich oder durch direkte Mensch-zu-Person zu kontaktieren. </span><br />
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          <span title="One interesting hypothesis concerns the possibility of transmission by some aquatic species." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Eine interessante Hypothese  betrifft die Möglichkeit der Übertragung von einigen Wasserlebewesen. </span><span title="Nevertheless, this bacteria it's environmental, the simple hypothesis is the direct transmission of M.ulcerans by contaminated water." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'"> </span>Dennoch, dieser Bakterien ist die  Umwelt ist, ist die einfache Hypothese der direkten Übertragung von M.ulcerans  durch verunreinigtes Wasser. <span title="To identify the more probable way of transmission of M.ulcerans in environment, we rely on data and mathematical modeling transmission of M.ulcerans." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Zur Identifizierung der  wahrscheinlichere Weg der Übertragung von M.ulcerans in Umwelt, setzen wir auf  Daten und mathematische Modellierung Übertragung von M.ulcerans. </span><span title="Using Synthetic biology approaches we managed to build two different epidemiological models taken account of these two ways of possible transmission." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Mit Synthetische Biologie  Ansätze es uns gelungen, zwei verschiedene epidemiologische Modelle  berücksichtigen müssen diese zwei Arten von möglichen Übertragung zu bauen. </span><span title="The first model concerns the “environmental” transmission by contact with mycobacteria, through contaminated water." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Das erste Modell betrifft die  &quot;Umwelt&quot;-Übertragung durch Kontakt mit Mykobakterien, durch  verunreinigtes Wasser. </span><span title="The second epidemiological model concerns the transmission of mycobacterium by ecological “networks”." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Die zweite epidemiologische  Modell betrifft die Übertragung von Mycobacterium durch ökologische  &quot;Netzwerke&quot;. </span><span title="The parameters of these two epidemiological models will be estimated from data of field with the more probable mode of transmission." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Die Parameter dieser beiden  epidemiologischen Modelle werden aus den Daten des Feldes mit desto  wahrscheinlicher Übertragungsweg geschätzt werden. </span><br />
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          <span title="M. ulcerans causing by B.U." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">M. ulcerans verursacht durch  B.U. </span><span title="This infection can be treated with multi drugs regime (rifampicin and streptomycin) but this is often associated with induced antibiotic resistance and does not protect individuals from re-infection Vaccination against M. ulcerans can therefore be aviable alternator to control this wide spread infection." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Diese Infektion kann mit  mehreren Medikamenten-Regime (Rifampicin und Streptomycin) aber das ist oft mit  induzierten Resistenz gegen Antibiotika verbunden und nicht den einzelnen vor  Re-Infektion Impfung gegen M. ulcerans kann daher Ansprechtemperatur  Lichtmaschine sein, um diese weit verbreitete Infektion Kontrolle behandelt  werden. </span><span title="However, developing an effective vaccine against M. ulcerans has presented a challenge because M. ulcérans or its components." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">Allerdings hat die Entwicklung  eines wirksamen Impfstoffes gegen M. ulcerans eine Herausforderung dar, weil M.  ulcerans oder deren Komponenten.</span></p>
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Revision as of 13:42, 1 August 2011

Bel Campus

  Our Project overview
 
  Team informations
 


ABSRTACT
NB. We have two differents approaches for this project: modelling transmission and engineered mycobacterial vaccine.

1.TRANSMISSION

Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a debilitating disease that mainly affects the skin but which can also affect the bone. The causative agent is called Mycobacterium ulcerans, which although different, belongs to the same family of organisms that cause leprosy and tuberculosis. This affection is one of the most common mycobacterial diseases in human health. Several cases of BU have been identified in at least 26 countries in the African Region since the early 1940s. However, in recent years, an increasing number of cases have been recorded in nearly all Western Africa countries, along the Gulf of Guinea. The causative agent is Mycobacterium ulcerans. For it to cause disease, it must either be transmitted from one infected individual directly to another (e.g.; direct contact) or through the environment (e.g.; via an intermediate host) to a susceptible host. It must also have the capability of surviving and multiplying in either the environment or the host or in both.

Generally, the reservoir of infection is not exactly known but is believed to be either the sick individual or the environment, especially marshy soil and vegetation along slow-flowing streams and rivers, or perhaps an intermediate host that thrives in such environment conditions. The latent period for infection to progress to disease in the susceptible host is also not well known. The mode of transmission is not entirely known. Recent evidence suggests that certain aquatic insects (aquatic bug) belonging to the genus Naucoris and Diplonychus may be involved in the transmission of the infection. The causative agent is commonly introduced into the skin (from surface contamination) through traumatic breaches in the skin (irrespective of size). However, it is not well understood whether infection can occur directly through the intact skin, after an insect bite, or by direct person –to-person contact.


One interesting hypothesis concerns the possibility of transmission by some aquatic species. Nevertheless, this bacteria it’s environmental, the simple hypothesis is the direct transmission of M.ulcerans by contaminated water. To identify the more probable way of transmission of M.ulcerans in environment, we rely on data and mathematical modeling transmission of M.ulcerans. Using Synthetic biology approaches we managed to build two different epidemiological models taken account of these two ways of possible transmission. The first model concerns the “environmental” transmission by contact with mycobacteria, through contaminated water. The second epidemiological model concerns the transmission of mycobacterium by ecological “networks”. The parameters of these two epidemiological models will be estimated from data of field with the more probable mode of transmission.

2.VACCINE.
M. ulcerans causing by B.U. This infection can be treated with multi drugs regime (rifampicin and streptomycin) but this is often associated with induced antibiotic resistance and does not protect individuals from re-infection Vaccination against M. ulcerans can therefore be aviable alternator to control this wide spread infection. However, developing an effective vaccine against M. ulcerans has presented a challenge because M. ulcérans or its components.

ABSRTACT

NB. Sisi differents njia mbili kwa ajili ya mradi huu: modeling maambukizi na engineered mycobacterial chanjo.

1.TRANSMISSION


Buruli kidonda (Bu) ni ugonjwa wa lazima kwamba hasa unaathiri ngozi lakini ambayo inaweza pia kuathiri mifupa. wakala causative inaitwa Mycobacterium ulcerans, ambayo ingawa tofauti, ni mali ya familia moja ya viumbe kwamba sababu ukoma na kifua kikuu. Upendo hii ni moja ya magonjwa ya kawaida mycobacterial katika afya ya binadamu. Matukio kadhaa ya Bu zinajulikana kwa uchache katika nchi 26 katika Mkoa wa Afrika tangu miaka ya 1940 mapema. Hata hivyo, katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, kuongezeka kwa idadi ya kesi wamekuwa kumbukumbu katika karibu nchi zote za Afrika Magharibi, pamoja na Ghuba ya Guinea. wakala causative ni Mycobacterium ulcerans. Kwa maana kwa sababu ya ugonjwa, ni lazima aidha kuambukizwa kutoka kwa mtu mmoja kuambukizwa moja kwa moja hadi nyingine (kwa mfano, kuwasiliana moja kwa moja) au kwa njia ya mazingira (mfano; kupitia jeshi kati) na mwenyeji wanahusika. Ni lazima pia kuwa na uwezo wa kuishi na kuzidisha katika mazingira ama au mwenyeji au zote mbili.

Kwa ujumla, hifadhi ya ukimwi si hasa inajulikana lakini ni kuamini kuwa aidha mtu mgonjwa au mazingira, hasa marshy udongo na mimea kwenye mito inapita polepole na mito, au labda jeshi kati kwamba vyema katika hali ya vile mazingira. kipindi latent kwa maambukizi ya maendeleo na ugonjwa huo katika jeshi wanahusika pia si vizuri sana. mode ya maambukizi si inajulikana kabisa. Ushahidi wa karibuni unaonyesha kuwa baadhi ya wadudu majini (majini bug) mali ya Naucoris jenasi na Diplonychus anaweza kushiriki katika maambukizi ya ukimwi. wakala causative ni kawaida kuletwa ndani ya ngozi (kutoka ytkontaminering) kwa njia ya ukiukaji kiwewe katika ngozi (bila kujali ukubwa). Hata hivyo, si vyema kama maambukizi yanaweza kutokea moja kwa moja kupitia ngozi intact, baada ya kuumwa na wadudu, au kwa kuwasiliana moja kwa moja mtu hadi mtu.

One hypothesis ya kuvutia wasiwasi ya uwezekano wa maambukizi kwa baadhi ya aina ya majini. Hata hivyo, hii ni bakteria mazingira, hypothesis rahisi ni maambukizi ya moja kwa moja ya M.ulcerans na maji yenye vimelea. Kutambua njia inaelekea zaidi ya maambukizi ya M.ulcerans katika mazingira, sisi kutegemea data na maambukizi ya hisabati modeling M.ulcerans. Kutumia mbinu biolojia Synthetic sisi imeweza kujenga mbili tofauti mifano epidemiological kuchukuliwa akaunti ya njia hizo mbili ya maambukizi iwezekanavyo. mtindo wa kwanza wasiwasi "mazingira" maambukizi kwa kuwasiliana na mycobacteria, kwa njia ya maji yenye vimelea. pili mfano epidemiological wasiwasi maambukizi ya mycobacterium na "mtandao" kiikolojia. vigezo ya mifano miwili epidemiological inakadiriwa kuwa na data ya shamba kwa mode inaelekea zaidi ya maambukizi.

2.VACCINE.

M. ulcerans na kusababisha kwa B.U. Maambukizi inaweza kutibiwa na serikali mbalimbali ya kulevya (Rifampicin na streptomycin) lakini hii ni mara nyingi zinazohusiana na upinzani ikiwa antibiotic na haina kulinda watu binafsi kutoka re-Chanjo dhidi ya maambukizi ya M. ulcerans hiyo anaweza kuwa aviable alternator kudhibiti kuenea kwa maambukizi ya upana huu. Hata hivyo, kuendeleza chanjo ufanisi dhidi ya M. ulcerans ina changamoto ya kuwasilishwa kwa sababu M. ulcérans au sehemu yake.


ABSRTACT

Nous avons deux approches différentes pour ce projet: la transmission de modélisation et d'ingénierie de vaccins mycobactéries.

1.TRANSMISSION


Ulcère de Buruli (UB) est une maladie débilitante qui affecte principalement la peau mais qui peut aussi affecter l'os. L'agent causal est appelé Mycobacterium ulcerans, qui bien que différents, appartient à la même famille d'organismes qui causent la lèpre et la tuberculose. Cette affection est l'une des maladies les plus courantes mycobactérienne dans la santé humaine. Plusieurs cas d'UB ont été identifiés dans au moins 26 pays dans la Région africaine depuis le début des années 1940. Cependant, ces dernières années, un nombre croissant de cas ont été enregistrés dans presque tous les pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest, le long du golfe de Guinée. Car c'est de provoquer une maladie, il doit soit être transmis d'un individu infecté directement à un autre (par exemple, un contact direct) ou par le biais de l'environnement (par exemple, via un hôte intermédiaire) à un hôte sensible. Il doit également avoir la capacité de survivre et de se multiplier dans l'environnement ou de l'hôte ou dans les deux.

Généralement, le réservoir de l'infection n'est pas exactement connue, mais on croit être de l'individu soit malade ou l'environnement, le sol marécageux et la végétation en particulier le long cours d'eau lents et les rivières, ou peut-être un hôte intermédiaire qui prospère dans des conditions un tel environnement. La période de latence de l'infection au progrès de la maladie dans l'hôte sensible est également mal connue. Des données récentes suggèrent que certains insectes aquatiques (bug aquatiques) appartenant à la Naucoris genre et Diplonychus peuvent être impliqués dans la transmission de l'infection. L'agent causal est généralement introduit dans la peau (de la contamination de surface) à travers les brèches traumatiques dans la peau (indépendamment de leur taille). Cependant, il n'est pas bien compris si l'infection peut se produire directement par la peau intacte, après une piqûre d'insecte ou par contact direct de personne à personne.

Une hypothèse intéressante concerne la possibilité de transmission par certaines espèces aquatiques. Néanmoins, cette bactérie c'est l'environnement, l'hypothèse est simple: la transmission directe de M. ulcerans par l'eau contaminée. Pour identifier la manière la plus probable de transmission de M. ulcerans dans l'environnement, nous nous appuyons sur des données et la modélisation mathématique de la transmission M. ulcerans. En utilisant des approches de biologie de synthèse, nous avons réussi à construire deux différents modèles épidémiologiques prises en compte de ces deux modes de transmission possibles. Le premier modèle concerne les "environnementaux" la transmission par contact avec des mycobactéries, par l'eau contaminée. Le second modèle épidémiologique concerne la transmission de Mycobacterium par des facteurs écologiques "réseaux". Les paramètres de ces deux modèles épidémiologiques seront estimés à partir des données du terrain avec le mode plus probable de transmission.
2.VACCINE.

M. ulcerans provoquant par B.U. Cette infection peut être traitée avec le régime des médicaments multiples (rifampicine et streptomycine) mais cela est souvent associée à la résistance aux antibiotiques induite et ne protège pas les individus de ré-infection vaccination contre M. ulcerans peut donc être l'alternateur aviable pour contrôler cette infection très répandue. Toutefois, le développement d'un vaccin efficace contre M. ulcerans a présenté un défi parce que M. ulcerans ou de ses composants.




ABSRTACT

NB. Tenemos dos enfoques diferentes para este proyecto: la transmisión de modelos y la vacuna de micobacterias de ingeniería.

1.TRANSMISSION


Úlcera de Buruli (UB) es una enfermedad debilitante que afecta principalmente la piel, sino que también pueden afectar el hueso. El agente etiológico es Mycobacterium ulcerans, que aunque son diferentes, pertenece a la misma familia de organismos que causan la lepra y la tuberculosis. Esta afección es una de las enfermedades micobacterianas más común en la salud humana. Varios casos de la UB se han identificado en al menos 26 países de la Región de África desde la década de 1940. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, un creciente número de casos se han registrado en casi todos los países de África occidental, a lo largo del Golfo de Guinea. Para que causan la enfermedad, éste deberá ser transmitido de una persona infectada directamente a otro (por ejemplo, el contacto directo) o por el medio ambiente (por ejemplo, a través de un huésped intermediario) a un huésped susceptible. También debe tener la capacidad de sobrevivir y multiplicarse en el medio ambiente o el anfitrión o en ambos.

En general, el reservorio de la infección no se conoce con exactitud, pero se cree que sea el enfermo o el medio ambiente, especialmente el suelo pantanoso y de la vegetación a lo largo de arroyos de corriente lenta y ríos, o tal vez de un huésped intermediario que prospera en condiciones de ese entorno. El período de latencia de la infección para el progreso de la enfermedad en el huésped susceptible tampoco es bien conocida. Evidencias recientes sugieren que ciertos insectos acuáticos (insectos acuáticos), perteneciente al género y Naucoris Diplonychus pueden estar implicados en la transmisión de la infección. El agente causal es común introduce en la piel (de la contaminación de la superficie) a través de violaciones traumáticas en la piel (independientemente de su tamaño). Sin embargo, no se entiende bien si la infección puede ocurrir directamente a través de la piel intacta, después de una picadura de insecto, o por contacto directo de persona a persona.

Una hipótesis interesante es la posibilidad de transmisión de algunas especies acuáticas. Sin embargo, esta bacteria es el medio ambiente, la simple hipótesis es la transmisión directa de M.ulcerans por el agua contaminada. Para identificar la forma más probable de transmisión de M.ulcerans en el ambiente, nos basamos en los datos y la transmisión de modelos matemáticos de M.ulcerans. La biología sintética utilizando enfoques nos las arreglamos para la construcción de dos diferentes modelos epidemiológicos tenido en cuenta estas dos formas de posible transmisión. El primer modelo se refiere a la "ambiental", la transmisión por el contacto con las micobacterias, a través de agua contaminada. El modelo epidemiológico segundo se refiere a la transmisión de Mycobacterium ecológica "redes". Los parámetros de estos dos modelos epidemiológicos se calculará a partir de datos de campo con el modo más probable de transmisión.

2.VACCINE.

M. ulcerans causa por B.U. Esta infección puede ser tratada con el régimen de medicamentos múltiples (rifampicina y estreptomicina), pero esto a menudo se asocia con resistencia a los antibióticos inducido y no proteger a las personas de la vacunación contra la re-infección de Mycobacterium ulcerans y por lo tanto, puede ser el alternador aviable para controlar esta infección de forma generalizada. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de una vacuna eficaz contra M. ulcerans ha presentado un reto, porque M. ulcerans o sus componentes.


ABSRTACT

NB。我们有两个differents这个项目的方法:模拟传输和工程分枝杆菌疫苗。

1.TRANSMISSION


布鲁里溃疡(BU)是一种使人衰弱的疾病,主要侵犯皮肤,但它也影响骨。病原体被称为溃疡分枝杆菌,这虽然是不同的,属于同一家庭的生物体引起麻风病和肺结核。这种感情是人类健康的最常见的分枝杆菌疾病之一。卜的几起案件已确定在20世纪40年代初以来,至少有26个非洲地区国家。然而,近年来,越来越多的案件已被记录在几乎所有西非国家,沿几内亚湾。病原体是溃疡分枝杆菌。它引起疾病,它必须被发送从一个受感染的个人直接到另一个(例如,直接接触)或通过环境(例如,通过中间宿主)易感宿主。它也必须有能力的生存环境或主机,或在两个乘以。

一般而言,感染水库是不完全清楚,但被认为是患病的个人或环境,尤其是沼泽土壤和植被沿缓慢流动的溪流和河流,或者在这样的环境条件下茁壮成长的中间宿主,。潜伏期感染的易感宿主疾病进展也没有众所周知的。的传播方式是不完全知道。最近的证据表明,某些水生昆虫(水产品错误),属于属Naucoris和Diplonychus可能被感染的传播。常见的病原体是通过创伤违反皮肤在皮肤上(从表面污染)(不论大小)引入。但是,它没有很好地理解是否可以直接通过完整的皮肤发生感染,昆虫叮咬后,或由人对人的直接接触。

一个有趣的假设是关于传输的一些水生物种的可能性。然而,这种细菌的环境,简单的假设是M.ulcerans由被污染的水直接传输。为了识别环境中的M.ulcerans传输方式更可能,我们依靠的数据和数学建模传输M.ulcerans。使用合成生物学的方法,我们成功地建立两个不同的流行病学模型,采取的这两种方式可能传播的帐户。第一种模式关注的“环境”与分枝杆菌接触传播,通过污染的水。第二流行病学模型关注分枝杆菌的传播生态的“网络”。这两个流行病学模型参数估计的现场数据传输更可能的模式。

2.VACCINE。

B.U.引起的溃疡分枝杆菌多药物制度(利福平和链霉素),但是这往往是与诱导抗生素耐药性,并不能防止再感染对溃疡分枝杆菌疫苗的个人,因此,可以aviable发电机控制这种广泛的传播感染,这种感染是可以治疗的。然而,发展中国家对溃疡分枝杆菌有效的疫苗提出了挑战,因为溃疡分枝杆菌或其组成部分。




ABSTRACT

NB. Wir haben zwei differents Ansätze für dieses Projekt: Modellierung Übertragung und entwickelt mykobakterielle Impfstoff.

1.TRANSMISSION


Buruli (BU) ist eine schwächende Krankheit, die vor allem die Haut, sondern die auch Einfluss auf die Knochen. Der Erreger ist Mycobacterium ulcerans, die zwar unterschiedlich, gehört zur selben Familie von Organismen, die Lepra und Tuberkulose verursachen. Diese Zuneigung ist eine der häufigsten Erkrankungen in mykobakterielle die menschliche Gesundheit. Mehrere Fälle von BU wurden in mindestens 26 Ländern in der afrikanischen Region seit den frühen 1940er Jahren identifiziert worden. Doch in den letzten Jahren haben eine zunehmende Zahl von Fällen, in fast allen westlichen Afrika Ländern festzustellen waren, entlang dem Golf von Guinea. Der Erreger ist Mycobacterium ulcerans. (; Direkten Kontakt zB) oder über die Umwelt Denn Krankheit zu verursachen, muss es entweder von einer infizierten Person direkt zu einem anderen übertragen werden (zB, über einen Zwischenwirt) einen empfänglichen Wirt. Es muss auch die Fähigkeit haben, zu überleben und vermehren entweder die Umwelt oder den Host-oder in beiden.

Im Allgemeinen ist das Reservoir der Infektion nicht genau bekannt, aber wird angenommen, dass entweder das kranke Individuum oder die Umwelt, vor allem sumpfigen Boden und Vegetation entlang langsam fließenden Bächen und Flüssen, oder vielleicht einen Zwischenwirt, dass in einer solchen Umgebung Bedingungen gedeiht. Die Latenzzeit für eine Infektion, die Krankheit in den empfänglichen Wirt Fortschritt ist auch nicht bekannt. Die Art der Übertragung ist nicht vollständig bekannt. Jüngsten Untersuchungen zufolge bestimmte Wasserinsekten (aquatische Bug), die zur Gattung Naucoris und Diplonychus kann bei der Übertragung der Infektion beteiligt sein. Der Erreger wird üblicherweise in die Haut (von Oberflächenkontamination) durch traumatische Verletzungen in der Haut (unabhängig von ihrer Größe) eingeführt. Allerdings ist es nicht gut verstanden, ob eine Infektion kann direkt durch die intakte Haut nach einem Insektenstich oder durch direkte Mensch-zu-Person zu kontaktieren.

Eine interessante Hypothese betrifft die Möglichkeit der Übertragung von einigen Wasserlebewesen. Dennoch, dieser Bakterien ist die Umwelt ist, ist die einfache Hypothese der direkten Übertragung von M.ulcerans durch verunreinigtes Wasser. Zur Identifizierung der wahrscheinlichere Weg der Übertragung von M.ulcerans in Umwelt, setzen wir auf Daten und mathematische Modellierung Übertragung von M.ulcerans. Mit Synthetische Biologie Ansätze es uns gelungen, zwei verschiedene epidemiologische Modelle berücksichtigen müssen diese zwei Arten von möglichen Übertragung zu bauen. Das erste Modell betrifft die "Umwelt"-Übertragung durch Kontakt mit Mykobakterien, durch verunreinigtes Wasser. Die zweite epidemiologische Modell betrifft die Übertragung von Mycobacterium durch ökologische "Netzwerke". Die Parameter dieser beiden epidemiologischen Modelle werden aus den Daten des Feldes mit desto wahrscheinlicher Übertragungsweg geschätzt werden.

2.VACCINE.

M. ulcerans verursacht durch B.U. Diese Infektion kann mit mehreren Medikamenten-Regime (Rifampicin und Streptomycin) aber das ist oft mit induzierten Resistenz gegen Antibiotika verbunden und nicht den einzelnen vor Re-Infektion Impfung gegen M. ulcerans kann daher Ansprechtemperatur Lichtmaschine sein, um diese weit verbreitete Infektion Kontrolle behandelt werden.Allerdings hat die Entwicklung eines wirksamen Impfstoffes gegen M. ulcerans eine Herausforderung dar, weil M. ulcerans oder deren Komponenten.
 

 

 

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