http://2011.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/Rachmontague&feed=atom&limit=50&target=Rachmontague&year=&month=2011.igem.org - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T10:18:44ZFrom 2011.igem.orgMediaWiki 1.16.0http://2011.igem.org/Team:DundeeTeam:Dundee2011-10-28T20:20:38Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Project">The Sphereactor Project</a></h2><br />
<p>Over millennia, eukaryotic cells have evolved sophisticated organelles, which enabled them to partition their cytoplasmic contents into functional sectors (e.g. the nucleus for storage of genetic material).Such compartmentalisation allows greater efficiency of cellular processes,where each organelle is allocated a set of specific metabolic tasks. Some prokaryotes have also developed a method of forming intracellular subdivisions called bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) by producing a set of proteins that ‘cage in’ a reaction pathway to make it more efficient.<br />
One such set of proteins is expressed from the propanediol utilisation (Pdu) operon in Salmonella enterica. Our team aims to design and construct a versatile synthetic microcompartment - The Sphereactor - using genes from the Salmonella pdu operon and an E. coli chassis. In conjunction with new biobricks, and those made by other iGEM groups in the past, we aim to test a universal targeting signal that can be used to pack the Sphereactor with enzymes. This will also help us understand the versatility of our microcompartment and to expand our BMC approach into a wide variety of new applications.</p> <br />
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<h2>Introduction</h2><br />
<p>In its simplest form, our Sphereactor is a protein shell, that with the addition of enzymes, can do work for us. Whether we want it to clean water of pollutants, degrade a toxic spill or create a new future for softdrinks, we believe our Sphereactor hold the key. And the brilliant thing is that through our experiments, we have shown it to survive outside of the cell, opening up a huge range of possibilities for the use of our sphereactor as a cell free system. This is a foundational advance in the field of synthetic biology, bypassing all concerns for the eventual release of genetically modified bacteria. We have also investigated the targeting of Ferritin to the Sphereactor with the aim of developing a recall system. This application of the sphereactor represents not only a new way to think about synthetic biology in the lab but is also simple way to avoid all issues of competition and horizontal gene transfer upon release.</p><br />
</div> <br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="largepost"><br />
<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Software">Software for All</a></h2><br />
<p>We are lucky enough to have two Applied Computing students on our team this year. They are focusing on creating software tools and mobile applications to assist the synthetic biologist. </p><br />
<p>One of tools we are developing right now is a multi-platform application that aims to reduce the need for looking up codon tables and hence speeding up the sequencing process.</p><br />
<p>As part of our human practices effort, we have created <a href="http://jspnet.computing.dundee.ac.uk/synbin/">The Syn Bin</a> in order to share and discuss lab accidents.</p><br />
<p>The main aim of our technology team is to provide efficient, usable and super-cool software for all.</p><br />
<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="leftpost"><br />
<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Team">The Sphereactor Team</a></h2><br />
<p>This is the first iGem team to emerge from the University of Dundee. We are all very excited to be taking part in the competition.</p><br />
<p>We are a multi-disciplined team made up of students, advisors and supervisors from Applied Computing, Life Sciences and Mathematics. We feel having a mix of these skills will give us a competitive edge and a well-rounded skill set.</p> <br />
<br />
</div> <br />
<br />
<div class="rightpost"><br />
<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Sponsors"">Sphereactor Sponsors</a></h2><br />
<p>Thanks for the support our sponsors have given us. Without them the project would not have happened.</p> <br />
</div><br />
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</html></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:DundeeTeam:Dundee2011-10-28T20:19:27Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Project">The Sphereactor Project</a></h2><br />
<p>Over millennia, eukaryotic cells have evolved sophisticated organelles, which enabled them to partition their cytoplasmic contents into functional sectors (e.g. the nucleus for storage of genetic material).Such compartmentalisation allows greater efficiency of cellular processes,where each organelle is allocated a set of specific metabolic tasks. Some prokaryotes have also developed a method of forming intracellular subdivisions called bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) by producing a set of proteins that ‘cage in’ a reaction pathway to make it more efficient.<br />
One such set of proteins is expressed from the propanediol utilisation (Pdu) operon in Salmonella enterica. Our team aims to design and construct a versatile synthetic microcompartment - The Sphereactor - using genes from the Salmonella pdu operon and an E. coli chassis. In conjunction with new biobricks, and those made by other iGEM groups in the past, we aim to test a universal targeting signal that can be used to pack the Sphereactor with enzymes. This will also help us understand the versatility of our microcompartment and to expand our BMC approach into a wide variety of new applications.</p> <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class = "imagepost"><br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/df/Microcompartment1.jpg" alt = "Microcompartment" class="microImage"><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="largepost-red"><br />
<h2>Introduction</h2><br />
<p>In its simplest form, our Sphereactor is a protein shell, that with the addition of enzymes, can do work for us. Whether we want it to clean water of pollutants, degrade a toxic spill or create a new future for softdrinks, we believe our Sphereactor hold the key. And the brilliant thing is that through our experiments, we have shown it to survive outside of the cell, opening up a huge range of possibilities for the use of our sphereactor as a cell free system. This is a foundational advance in the field of synthetic biology, bypassing all concerns for the eventual release of genetically modified bacteria. We have also investigated the targeting of Ferritin to the Sphereactor with the aim of developing a recall system. This application of the sphereactor represents not only a new way to think about synthetic biology in the lab but is also simple way to avoid all issues of competition and horizontal gene transfer upon release.</p><br />
</div> <br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="largepost"><br />
<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Software">Software for All</a></h2><br />
<p>We are lucky enough to have two Applied Computing students on our team this year. They are focusing on creating software tools and mobile applications to assist the synthetic biologist. </p><br />
<p>One of tools we are developing right now is a multi-platform application that aims to reduce the need for looking up codon tables and hence speeding up the sequencing process.</p><br />
<p>As part of our human practices effort, we have created <a href="http://jspnet.computing.dundee.ac.uk/synbin/">The Syn Bin</a> in order to share and discuss lab accidents.</p><br />
<p>The main aim of our technology team is to provide efficient, usable and super-cool software for all.</p><br />
<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="leftpost"><br />
<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Team">The Sphereactor Team</a></h2><br />
<p>This is the first iGem team to emerge from the University of Dundee. We are all very excited to be taking part in the competition.</p><br />
<p>We are a multi-disciplined team made up of students, advisors and supervisors from Applied Computing, Life Sciences and Mathematics. We feel having a mix of these skills will give us a competitive edge and a well-rounded skill set.</p> <br />
<br />
</div> <br />
<br />
<div class="rightpost"><br />
<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Sponsors"">Sphereactor Sponsors</a></h2><br />
<p>Thanks for the support our sponsors have given us. Without them the project would not have happened.</p> <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="rightimagepost"><br />
<a href="/Team:Dundee/Sponsors"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/9/96/Sponsors1.jpg" alt ="sponsors logos"></a><br />
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<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Project">The Sphereactor Project</a></h2><br />
<p>Over millennia, eukaryotic cells have evolved sophisticated organelles, which enabled them to partition their cytoplasmic contents into functional sectors (e.g. the nucleus for storage of genetic material).Such compartmentalisation allows greater efficiency of cellular processes,where each organelle is allocated a set of specific metabolic tasks. Some prokaryotes have also developed a method of forming intracellular subdivisions called bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) by producing a set of proteins that ‘cage in’ a reaction pathway to make it more efficient.<br />
One such set of proteins is expressed from the propanediol utilisation (Pdu) operon in Salmonella enterica. Our team aims to design and construct a versatile synthetic microcompartment - The Sphereactor - using genes from the Salmonella pdu operon and an E. coli chassis. In conjunction with new biobricks, and those made by other iGEM groups in the past, we aim to test a universal targeting signal that can be used to pack the Sphereactor with enzymes. This will also help us understand the versatility of our microcompartment and to expand our BMC approach into a wide variety of new applications.</p> <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class = "imagepost"><br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/df/Microcompartment1.jpg" alt = "Microcompartment" class="microImage"><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="largepost-red"><br />
<h2>Introduction</h2><br />
<p>In its simplest form, our Sphereactor is a protein shell, that with the addition of enzymes, can do work for us. Whether we want it to clean water of pollutants, degrade a toxic spill or create a new future for softdrinks, we believe our Sphereactor hold the key. And the brilliant thing is that through our experiments, we have shown it to survive outside of the cell, opening up a huge range of possibilities for the use of our sphereactor as a cell free system. This is a foundational advance in the field of synthetic biology, bypassing all concerns for the eventual release of genetically modified bacteria. We have also investigated the targeting of Ferritin to the Sphereactor with the aim of developing a recall system. This application of the sphereactor represents not only a new way to think about synthetic biology in the lab but is also simple way to avoid all issues of competition and horizontal gene transfer upon release.</p><br />
</div> <br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="largepost"><br />
<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Software">Software for All</a></h2><br />
<p>We are lucky enough to have two Applied Computing students on our team this year. They are focusing on creating software tools and mobile applications to assist the synthetic biologist. </p><br />
<p>One of tools we are developing right now is a multi-platform application that aims to reduce the need for looking up codon tables and hence speeding up the sequencing process.</p><br />
<p>As part of our human practices effort, we have created <a href="http://jspnet.computing.dundee.ac.uk/synbin/">The Syn Bin</a> in order to share and discuss lab accidents.</p><br />
<p>The main aim of our technology team is to provide efficient, usable and super-cool software for all.</p><br />
<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="leftpost"><br />
<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Team">The Sphereactor Team</a></h2><br />
<p>This is the first iGem team to emerge from the University of Dundee. We are all very excited to be taking part in the competition.</p><br />
<p>We are a multi-disciplined team made up of students, advisors and supervisors from Applied Computing, Life Sciences and Mathematics. We feel having a mix of these skills will give us a competitive edge and a well-rounded skill set.</p> <br />
<br />
</div> <br />
<br />
<div class="rightpost"><br />
<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Sponsors"">Sphereactor Sponsors</a></h2><br />
<p>Thanks for the support our sponsors have given us. Without them the project would not have happened.</p> <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="rightimagepost"><br />
<a href="/Team:Dundee/Sponsors"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/9/96/Sponsors1.jpg" alt ="sponsors logos"></a><br />
</div><br />
<br />
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$.getJSON(url, function (tweet) { // get the tweets<br />
$("#lasttweet").append('"' + tweet[0].text + '"'); // get the first tweet in the response and place it inside the div<br />
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$.getJSON(url, function (tweet) { // get the tweets<br />
$("#tweetDate").append(tweet[0].created_at); // get the first tweet in the response and place it inside the div<br />
});<br />
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</html></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:DundeeTeam:Dundee2011-10-28T20:18:14Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<h1><a href="/Team:Dundee">The University of Dundee</a></h1><br />
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<li><a href="/Team:Dundee/Project" title="Project">Project</a></li> <br />
<li><a href="/Team:Dundee/Team" title="Team">Team</a></li><br />
<li><a href="/Team:Dundee/Modelling" title="Modelling">Modelling</a></li> <br />
<li><a href="/Team:Dundee/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebook</a></li><br />
<li><a href="/Team:Dundee/Results" title="Data">Data</a></li><br />
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<li><a href="/Team:Dundee/Sponsors" title="Sponsors">Sponsors</a></li><br />
<li ><a href="/Team:Dundee/dnaapp" title="DNA App">DNA App</a></li><br />
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<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Project">The Sphereactor Project</a></h2><br />
<p>Over millennia, eukaryotic cells have evolved sophisticated organelles, which enabled them to partition their cytoplasmic contents into functional sectors (e.g. the nucleus for storage of genetic material).Such compartmentalisation allows greater efficiency of cellular processes,where each organelle is allocated a set of specific metabolic tasks. Some prokaryotes have also developed a method of forming intracellular subdivisions called bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) by producing a set of proteins that ‘cage in’ a reaction pathway to make it more efficient.<br />
One such set of proteins is expressed from the propanediol utilisation (Pdu) operon in Salmonella enterica. Our team aims to design and construct a versatile synthetic microcompartment - The Sphereactor - using genes from the Salmonella pdu operon and an E. coli chassis. In conjunction with new biobricks, and those made by other iGEM groups in the past, we aim to test a universal targeting signal that can be used to pack the Sphereactor with enzymes. This will also help us understand the versatility of our microcompartment and to expand our BMC approach into a wide variety of new applications.</p> <br />
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<h2>Introduction</h2><br />
<p>In its simplest form, our Sphereactor is a protein shell, that with the addition of enzymes, can do work for us. Whether we want it to clean water of pollutants, degrade a toxic spill or create a new future for softdrinks, we believe our Sphereactor hold the key. And the brilliant thing is that through our experiments, we have shown it to survive outside of the cell, opening up a huge range of possibilities for the use of our sphereactor as a cell free system. This is a foundational advance in the field of synthetic biology, bypassing all concerns for the eventual release of genetically modified bacteria. We have also investigated the targeting of Ferritin to the Sphereactor with the aim of developing a recall system. This application of the sphereactor represents not only a new way to think about synthetic biology in the lab but is also simple way to avoid all issues of competition and horizontal gene transfer upon release.</p><br />
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<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Software">Software for All</a></h2><br />
<p>We are lucky enough to have two Applied Computing students on our team this year. They are focusing on creating software tools and mobile applications to assist the synthetic biologist. </p><br />
<p>One of tools we are developing right now is a multi-platform application that aims to reduce the need for looking up codon tables and hence speeding up the sequencing process.</p><br />
<p>As part of our human practices effort, we have created <a href="http://jspnet.computing.dundee.ac.uk/synbin/">The Syn Bin</a> in order to share and discuss lab accidents.</p><br />
<p>The main aim of our technology team is to provide efficient, usable and super-cool software for all.</p><br />
<br />
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<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Team">The Sphereactor Team</a></h2><br />
<p>This is the first iGem team to emerge from the University of Dundee. We are all very excited to be taking part in the competition.</p><br />
<p>We are a multi-disciplined team made up of students, advisors and supervisors from Applied Computing, Life Sciences and Mathematics. We feel having a mix of these skills will give us a competitive edge and a well-rounded skill set.</p> <br />
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<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Sponsors"">Sphereactor Sponsors</a></h2><br />
<p>Thanks for the support our sponsors have given us. Without them the project would not have happened.</p> <br />
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margin-left:150px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.smallpost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost .microImage {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:-15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost p {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
padding-left:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h3 a {<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p a {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #ffffff;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost {<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin-right:50px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost img {<br />
float:right;<br />
width:410px;<br />
height:200px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#right {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
catLinks {<br />
border: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
border:none;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
margin:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#top-section{<br />
font-size:16px;<br />
border:none; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; height:15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
border:0;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu li {<br />
border:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper {<br />
padding:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body{<br />
width:100%;<br />
margin:0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#globalWrapper {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost2 h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
largepost2 p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost {<br />
width:960px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost img {<br />
width:840px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
height:483px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#pt-log{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar ul{<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.right-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.left-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost3 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#rightContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
margin-left:25px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost {<br />
position:absolute;<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
padding-top: 20px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:black;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
margin-top:1190px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost img {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:150px;<br />
height:115px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost p {<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
position: absolute;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:170px;<br />
margin-top:500px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 span {<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
font-size:18px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:570px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
margin: 0px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.humanPost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.humanPost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
humanPost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage{<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:280px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage img{<br />
width:260px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.medal {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}</div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/style.cssTeam:Dundee/style.css2011-10-28T20:13:13Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
<hr />
<div>.medal {<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, address, blockquote, dd, dl, hr, p, form{<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body {<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
vertical-align: top;<br />
background: #000;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a {<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color : #ffffff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:hover { text-decoration: none; }<br />
<br />
a img { border: 0; }<br />
<br />
p { padding: 10px 0 5px; }<br />
<br />
p img { max-width: 100%; }<br />
<br />
img.aligncenter {<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignright{<br />
margin: 3px 0 2px 10px;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignleft {<br />
margin: 3px 10px 2px 0;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.alignleft { float: left; }<br />
<br />
.alignright { float: right }<br />
<br />
.aligncenter { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }<br />
<br />
.clear { margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both; }<br />
<br />
ul {<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 180px;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
background: black;<br />
background-image:url(https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/78/Header3.png)<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 {<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
padding: 30px 0 0 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 a{<br />
margin: 10px 0 30px 0;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
font-size: 42px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
text-transform: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 45px;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul{<br />
margin: 5px auto;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
list-style-type: none;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 13px;<br />
border: 5px #fff solid;<br />
background: #b5463f;<br />
letter-spacing:1px;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a{<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 3px 7px 1px 12px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a:hover{<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li.current_page_item{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#container {<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-top: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-right: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar {<br />
<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 240px;<br />
margin-left: 12px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post {<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a{<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 {<br />
font-size: 36px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
color: #b5463f;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a:hover{<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0; <br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
background: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta {<br />
color: #6e212e;<br />
line-height: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta p {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry {<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.entry h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 10px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
}<br />
.entry h2 a {<br />
color: #8f3939;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h3 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h4 {<br />
font-size: 20px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h5 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h6 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.post a img {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
border: 2px solid #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover img{<br />
border: 2px solid #b5463f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.sidebar a {<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
list-style: none;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
margin: 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li {<br />
padding: 10px 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li h2 {<br />
border-bottom: 1px dotted #2a423c;<br />
padding: 8px 10px 9px;<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 6px 5px 0;<br />
margin: 0 5px 10px;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul li {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul ul {<br />
padding: 0 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single {<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
margin: 0 0 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.avatar {<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
} <br />
<br />
<br />
#footer{<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 10px 0 10px 0;<br />
border-top: 5px solid #6e212e;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
height: 20px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud {<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_up {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_up.png) top center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_bottom {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_bottom.png) bottom center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a{<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 3px ;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a:hover{<br />
margin: 3px;<br />
color: #e3d185;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p{<br />
margin: 0 10px 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer a img {<br />
width: 32px;<br />
height: 32px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:840px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 span {<br />
color:#ffe9b7;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#lasttweet {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
float: left;<br />
margin-left:60px;<br />
margin-top: -35px;<br />
font-size:12px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.text3 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:150px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.smallpost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost .microImage {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:-15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost p {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
padding-left:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h3 a {<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p a {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #ffffff;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost {<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin-right:50px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost img {<br />
float:right;<br />
width:410px;<br />
height:200px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#right {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
catLinks {<br />
border: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
border:none;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
margin:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#top-section{<br />
font-size:16px;<br />
border:none; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; height:15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
border:0;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu li {<br />
border:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper {<br />
padding:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body{<br />
width:100%;<br />
margin:0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#globalWrapper {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost2 h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
largepost2 p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost {<br />
width:960px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost img {<br />
width:840px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
height:483px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#pt-log{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar ul{<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.right-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.left-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost3 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#rightContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
margin-left:25px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost {<br />
position:absolute;<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
padding-top: 20px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:black;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
margin-top:1185px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost img {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:150px;<br />
height:115px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost p {<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
position: absolute;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:170px;<br />
margin-top:500px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 span {<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
font-size:18px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:570px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
margin: 0px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.humanPost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.humanPost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
humanPost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage{<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:280px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage img{<br />
width:260px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.medal {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}</div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/style.cssTeam:Dundee/style.css2011-10-28T20:12:01Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
<hr />
<div>.medal {<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, address, blockquote, dd, dl, hr, p, form{<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body {<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
vertical-align: top;<br />
background: #000;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a {<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color : #ffffff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:hover { text-decoration: none; }<br />
<br />
a img { border: 0; }<br />
<br />
p { padding: 10px 0 5px; }<br />
<br />
p img { max-width: 100%; }<br />
<br />
img.aligncenter {<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignright{<br />
margin: 3px 0 2px 10px;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignleft {<br />
margin: 3px 10px 2px 0;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.alignleft { float: left; }<br />
<br />
.alignright { float: right }<br />
<br />
.aligncenter { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }<br />
<br />
.clear { margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both; }<br />
<br />
ul {<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 180px;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
background: black;<br />
background-image:url(https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/78/Header3.png)<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 {<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
padding: 30px 0 0 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 a{<br />
margin: 10px 0 30px 0;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
font-size: 42px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
text-transform: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 45px;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul{<br />
margin: 5px auto;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
list-style-type: none;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 13px;<br />
border: 5px #fff solid;<br />
background: #b5463f;<br />
letter-spacing:1px;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a{<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 3px 7px 1px 12px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a:hover{<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li.current_page_item{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#container {<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-top: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-right: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar {<br />
<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 240px;<br />
margin-left: 12px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post {<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a{<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 {<br />
font-size: 36px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
color: #b5463f;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a:hover{<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0; <br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
background: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta {<br />
color: #6e212e;<br />
line-height: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta p {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry {<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.entry h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 10px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
}<br />
.entry h2 a {<br />
color: #8f3939;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h3 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h4 {<br />
font-size: 20px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h5 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h6 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.post a img {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
border: 2px solid #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover img{<br />
border: 2px solid #b5463f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.sidebar a {<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
list-style: none;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
margin: 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li {<br />
padding: 10px 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li h2 {<br />
border-bottom: 1px dotted #2a423c;<br />
padding: 8px 10px 9px;<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 6px 5px 0;<br />
margin: 0 5px 10px;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul li {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul ul {<br />
padding: 0 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single {<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
margin: 0 0 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.avatar {<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
} <br />
<br />
<br />
#footer{<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 10px 0 10px 0;<br />
border-top: 5px solid #6e212e;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
height: 20px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud {<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_up {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_up.png) top center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_bottom {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_bottom.png) bottom center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a{<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 3px ;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a:hover{<br />
margin: 3px;<br />
color: #e3d185;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p{<br />
margin: 0 10px 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer a img {<br />
width: 32px;<br />
height: 32px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:840px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 span {<br />
color:#ffe9b7;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#lasttweet {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
float: left;<br />
margin-left:60px;<br />
margin-top: -35px;<br />
font-size:12px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.text3 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:150px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.smallpost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost .microImage {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:-15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost p {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
padding-left:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h3 a {<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p a {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #ffffff;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost {<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin-right:50px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost img {<br />
float:right;<br />
width:410px;<br />
height:200px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#right {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
catLinks {<br />
border: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
border:none;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
margin:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#top-section{<br />
font-size:16px;<br />
border:none; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; height:15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
border:0;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu li {<br />
border:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper {<br />
padding:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body{<br />
width:100%;<br />
margin:0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#globalWrapper {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost2 h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
largepost2 p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost {<br />
width:960px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost img {<br />
width:840px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
height:483px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#pt-log{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar ul{<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.right-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.left-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost3 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#rightContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
margin-left:25px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost {<br />
position:absolute;<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
padding-top: 20px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:black;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
margin-top:1170px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost img {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:150px;<br />
height:115px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost p {<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
position: absolute;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:170px;<br />
margin-top:500px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 span {<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
font-size:18px;<br />
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<h1><a href="/Team:Dundee">The University of Dundee</a></h1><br />
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<li><a href="/Team:Dundee/Project" title="Project">Project</a></li> <br />
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<li><a href="/Team:Dundee/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebook</a></li><br />
<li><a href="/Team:Dundee/Results" title="Data">Data</a></li><br />
<li><a href="/Team:Dundee/Safety" title="Safety">Safety</a></li><br />
<li><a href="/Team:Dundee/Sponsors" title="Sponsors">Sponsors</a></li><br />
<li ><a href="/Team:Dundee/dnaapp" title="DNA App">DNA App</a></li><br />
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<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Project">The Sphereactor Project</a></h2><br />
<p>Over millennia, eukaryotic cells have evolved sophisticated organelles, which enabled them to partition their cytoplasmic contents into functional sectors (e.g. the nucleus for storage of genetic material).Such compartmentalisation allows greater efficiency of cellular processes,where each organelle is allocated a set of specific metabolic tasks. Some prokaryotes have also developed a method of forming intracellular subdivisions called bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) by producing a set of proteins that ‘cage in’ a reaction pathway to make it more efficient.<br />
One such set of proteins is expressed from the propanediol utilisation (Pdu) operon in Salmonella enterica. Our team aims to design and construct a versatile synthetic microcompartment - The Sphereactor - using genes from the Salmonella pdu operon and an E. coli chassis. In conjunction with new biobricks, and those made by other iGEM groups in the past, we aim to test a universal targeting signal that can be used to pack the Sphereactor with enzymes. This will also help us understand the versatility of our microcompartment and to expand our BMC approach into a wide variety of new applications.</p> <br />
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<h2>Introduction</h2><br />
<p>In its simplest form, our Sphereactor is a protein shell, that with the addition of enzymes, can do work for us. Whether we want it to clean water of pollutants, degrade a toxic spill or create a new future for softdrinks, we believe our Sphereactor hold the key. And the brilliant thing is that through our experiments, we have shown it to survive outside of the cell, opening up a huge range of possibilities for the use of our sphereactor as a cell free system. This is a foundational advance in the field of synthetic biology, bypassing all concerns for the eventual release of genetically modified bacteria. We have also investigated the targeting of Ferritin to the Sphereactor with the aim of developing a recall system. This application of the sphereactor represents not only a new way to think about synthetic biology in the lab but is also simple way to avoid all issues of competition and horizontal gene transfer upon release.</p><br />
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<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Software">Software for All</a></h2><br />
<p>We are lucky enough to have two Applied Computing students on our team this year. They are focusing on creating software tools and mobile applications to assist the synthetic biologist. </p><br />
<p>One of tools we are developing right now is a multi-platform application that aims to reduce the need for looking up codon tables and hence speeding up the sequencing process.</p><br />
<p>As part of our human practices effort, we have created <a href="http://jspnet.computing.dundee.ac.uk/synbin/">The Syn Bin</a> in order to share and discuss lab accidents.</p><br />
<p>The main aim of our technology team is to provide efficient, usable and super-cool software for all.</p><br />
<br />
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<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Team">The Sphereactor Team</a></h2><br />
<p>This is the first iGem team to emerge from the University of Dundee. We are all very excited to be taking part in the competition.</p><br />
<p>We are a multi-disciplined team made up of students, advisors and supervisors from Applied Computing, Life Sciences and Mathematics. We feel having a mix of these skills will give us a competitive edge and a well-rounded skill set.</p> <br />
<br />
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<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Sponsors"">Sphereactor Sponsors</a></h2><br />
<p>Thanks for the support our sponsors have given us. Without them the project would not have happened.</p> <br />
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margin: 0 10px 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer a img {<br />
width: 32px;<br />
height: 32px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:840px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 span {<br />
color:#ffe9b7;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#lasttweet {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
float: left;<br />
margin-left:60px;<br />
margin-top: -35px;<br />
font-size:12px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.text3 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:150px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.smallpost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost .microImage {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:-15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost p {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
padding-left:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h3 a {<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p a {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #ffffff;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost {<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin-right:50px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost img {<br />
float:right;<br />
width:410px;<br />
height:200px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#right {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
catLinks {<br />
border: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
border:none;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
margin:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#top-section{<br />
font-size:16px;<br />
border:none; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; height:15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
border:0;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu li {<br />
border:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper {<br />
padding:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body{<br />
width:100%;<br />
margin:0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#globalWrapper {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost2 h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
largepost2 p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost {<br />
width:960px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost img {<br />
width:840px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
height:483px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#pt-log{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar ul{<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.right-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.left-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost3 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#rightContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
margin-left:25px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost {<br />
position:absolute;<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
padding-top: 20px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:black;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
margin-top:1155px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost img {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:150px;<br />
height:115px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost p {<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
position: absolute;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:170px;<br />
margin-top:500px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 span {<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
font-size:18px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:570px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
margin: 0px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.humanPost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.humanPost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
humanPost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage{<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:280px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage img{<br />
width:260px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.medal {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}</div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/style.cssTeam:Dundee/style.css2011-10-28T20:05:43Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
<hr />
<div>.medal {<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, address, blockquote, dd, dl, hr, p, form{<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body {<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
vertical-align: top;<br />
background: #000;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a {<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color : #ffffff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:hover { text-decoration: none; }<br />
<br />
a img { border: 0; }<br />
<br />
p { padding: 10px 0 5px; }<br />
<br />
p img { max-width: 100%; }<br />
<br />
img.aligncenter {<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignright{<br />
margin: 3px 0 2px 10px;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignleft {<br />
margin: 3px 10px 2px 0;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.alignleft { float: left; }<br />
<br />
.alignright { float: right }<br />
<br />
.aligncenter { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }<br />
<br />
.clear { margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both; }<br />
<br />
ul {<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 180px;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
background: black;<br />
background-image:url(https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/78/Header3.png)<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 {<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
padding: 30px 0 0 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 a{<br />
margin: 10px 0 30px 0;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
font-size: 42px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
text-transform: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 45px;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul{<br />
margin: 5px auto;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
list-style-type: none;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 13px;<br />
border: 5px #fff solid;<br />
background: #b5463f;<br />
letter-spacing:1px;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a{<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 3px 7px 1px 12px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a:hover{<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li.current_page_item{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#container {<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-top: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-right: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar {<br />
<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 240px;<br />
margin-left: 12px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post {<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a{<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 {<br />
font-size: 36px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
color: #b5463f;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a:hover{<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0; <br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
background: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta {<br />
color: #6e212e;<br />
line-height: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta p {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry {<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.entry h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 10px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
}<br />
.entry h2 a {<br />
color: #8f3939;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h3 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h4 {<br />
font-size: 20px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h5 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h6 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.post a img {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
border: 2px solid #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover img{<br />
border: 2px solid #b5463f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.sidebar a {<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
list-style: none;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
margin: 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li {<br />
padding: 10px 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li h2 {<br />
border-bottom: 1px dotted #2a423c;<br />
padding: 8px 10px 9px;<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 6px 5px 0;<br />
margin: 0 5px 10px;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul li {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul ul {<br />
padding: 0 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single {<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
margin: 0 0 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.avatar {<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
} <br />
<br />
<br />
#footer{<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 10px 0 10px 0;<br />
border-top: 5px solid #6e212e;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
height: 20px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud {<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_up {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_up.png) top center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_bottom {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_bottom.png) bottom center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a{<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 3px ;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a:hover{<br />
margin: 3px;<br />
color: #e3d185;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p{<br />
margin: 0 10px 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer a img {<br />
width: 32px;<br />
height: 32px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:840px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 span {<br />
color:#ffe9b7;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#lasttweet {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
float: left;<br />
margin-left:60px;<br />
margin-top: -35px;<br />
font-size:12px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.text3 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:150px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.smallpost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost .microImage {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:-15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost p {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
padding-left:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h3 a {<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p a {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #ffffff;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost {<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin-right:50px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost img {<br />
float:right;<br />
width:410px;<br />
height:200px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#right {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
catLinks {<br />
border: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
border:none;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
margin:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#top-section{<br />
font-size:16px;<br />
border:none; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; height:15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
border:0;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu li {<br />
border:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper {<br />
padding:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body{<br />
width:100%;<br />
margin:0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#globalWrapper {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost2 h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
largepost2 p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost {<br />
width:960px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost img {<br />
width:840px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
height:483px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#pt-log{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar ul{<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.right-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.left-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost3 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#rightContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
margin-left:25px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost {<br />
position:absolute;<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
padding-top: 20px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:black;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
margin-top:1140px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost img {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:150px;<br />
height:115px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost p {<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
position: absolute;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:170px;<br />
margin-top:500px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 span {<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
font-size:18px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:570px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
margin: 0px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.humanPost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.humanPost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
humanPost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage{<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:280px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage img{<br />
width:260px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.medal {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}</div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/style.cssTeam:Dundee/style.css2011-10-28T20:05:18Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
<hr />
<div>.medal {<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, address, blockquote, dd, dl, hr, p, form{<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body {<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
vertical-align: top;<br />
background: #000;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a {<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color : #ffffff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:hover { text-decoration: none; }<br />
<br />
a img { border: 0; }<br />
<br />
p { padding: 10px 0 5px; }<br />
<br />
p img { max-width: 100%; }<br />
<br />
img.aligncenter {<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignright{<br />
margin: 3px 0 2px 10px;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignleft {<br />
margin: 3px 10px 2px 0;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.alignleft { float: left; }<br />
<br />
.alignright { float: right }<br />
<br />
.aligncenter { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }<br />
<br />
.clear { margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both; }<br />
<br />
ul {<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 180px;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
background: black;<br />
background-image:url(https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/78/Header3.png)<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 {<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
padding: 30px 0 0 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 a{<br />
margin: 10px 0 30px 0;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
font-size: 42px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
text-transform: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 45px;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul{<br />
margin: 5px auto;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
list-style-type: none;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 13px;<br />
border: 5px #fff solid;<br />
background: #b5463f;<br />
letter-spacing:1px;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a{<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 3px 7px 1px 12px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a:hover{<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li.current_page_item{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#container {<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-top: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-right: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar {<br />
<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 240px;<br />
margin-left: 12px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post {<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a{<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 {<br />
font-size: 36px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
color: #b5463f;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a:hover{<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0; <br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
background: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta {<br />
color: #6e212e;<br />
line-height: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta p {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry {<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.entry h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 10px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
}<br />
.entry h2 a {<br />
color: #8f3939;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h3 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h4 {<br />
font-size: 20px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h5 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h6 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.post a img {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
border: 2px solid #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover img{<br />
border: 2px solid #b5463f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.sidebar a {<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
list-style: none;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
margin: 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li {<br />
padding: 10px 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li h2 {<br />
border-bottom: 1px dotted #2a423c;<br />
padding: 8px 10px 9px;<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 6px 5px 0;<br />
margin: 0 5px 10px;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul li {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul ul {<br />
padding: 0 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single {<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
margin: 0 0 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.avatar {<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
} <br />
<br />
<br />
#footer{<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 10px 0 10px 0;<br />
border-top: 5px solid #6e212e;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
height: 20px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud {<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_up {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_up.png) top center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_bottom {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_bottom.png) bottom center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a{<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 3px ;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a:hover{<br />
margin: 3px;<br />
color: #e3d185;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p{<br />
margin: 0 10px 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer a img {<br />
width: 32px;<br />
height: 32px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:840px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 span {<br />
color:#ffe9b7;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#lasttweet {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
float: left;<br />
margin-left:60px;<br />
margin-top: -35px;<br />
font-size:12px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.text3 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:150px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.smallpost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost .microImage {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:-15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost p {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
padding-left:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h3 a {<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p a {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #ffffff;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost {<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin-right:50px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost img {<br />
float:right;<br />
width:410px;<br />
height:200px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#right {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
catLinks {<br />
border: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
border:none;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
margin:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#top-section{<br />
font-size:16px;<br />
border:none; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; height:15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
border:0;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu li {<br />
border:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper {<br />
padding:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body{<br />
width:100%;<br />
margin:0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#globalWrapper {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost2 h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
largepost2 p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost {<br />
width:960px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost img {<br />
width:840px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
height:483px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#pt-log{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar ul{<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.right-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.left-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost3 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#rightContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
margin-left:25px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost {<br />
position:absolute;<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
padding-top: 20px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:black;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
margin-top:1160px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost img {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:150px;<br />
height:115px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost p {<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
position: absolute;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:170px;<br />
margin-top:500px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 span {<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
font-size:18px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:570px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
margin: 0px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.humanPost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.humanPost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
humanPost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage{<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:280px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage img{<br />
width:260px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.medal {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}</div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/style.cssTeam:Dundee/style.css2011-10-28T20:04:05Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
<hr />
<div>.medal {<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, address, blockquote, dd, dl, hr, p, form{<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body {<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
vertical-align: top;<br />
background: #000;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a {<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color : #ffffff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:hover { text-decoration: none; }<br />
<br />
a img { border: 0; }<br />
<br />
p { padding: 10px 0 5px; }<br />
<br />
p img { max-width: 100%; }<br />
<br />
img.aligncenter {<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignright{<br />
margin: 3px 0 2px 10px;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignleft {<br />
margin: 3px 10px 2px 0;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.alignleft { float: left; }<br />
<br />
.alignright { float: right }<br />
<br />
.aligncenter { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }<br />
<br />
.clear { margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both; }<br />
<br />
ul {<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 180px;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
background: black;<br />
background-image:url(https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/78/Header3.png)<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 {<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
padding: 30px 0 0 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 a{<br />
margin: 10px 0 30px 0;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
font-size: 42px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
text-transform: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 45px;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul{<br />
margin: 5px auto;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
list-style-type: none;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 13px;<br />
border: 5px #fff solid;<br />
background: #b5463f;<br />
letter-spacing:1px;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a{<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 3px 7px 1px 12px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a:hover{<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li.current_page_item{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#container {<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-top: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-right: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar {<br />
<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 240px;<br />
margin-left: 12px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post {<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a{<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 {<br />
font-size: 36px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
color: #b5463f;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a:hover{<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0; <br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
background: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta {<br />
color: #6e212e;<br />
line-height: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta p {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry {<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.entry h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 10px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
}<br />
.entry h2 a {<br />
color: #8f3939;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h3 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h4 {<br />
font-size: 20px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h5 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h6 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.post a img {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
border: 2px solid #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover img{<br />
border: 2px solid #b5463f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.sidebar a {<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
list-style: none;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
margin: 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li {<br />
padding: 10px 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li h2 {<br />
border-bottom: 1px dotted #2a423c;<br />
padding: 8px 10px 9px;<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 6px 5px 0;<br />
margin: 0 5px 10px;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul li {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul ul {<br />
padding: 0 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single {<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
margin: 0 0 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.avatar {<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
} <br />
<br />
<br />
#footer{<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 10px 0 10px 0;<br />
border-top: 5px solid #6e212e;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
height: 20px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud {<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_up {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_up.png) top center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_bottom {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_bottom.png) bottom center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a{<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 3px ;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a:hover{<br />
margin: 3px;<br />
color: #e3d185;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p{<br />
margin: 0 10px 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer a img {<br />
width: 32px;<br />
height: 32px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:840px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 span {<br />
color:#ffe9b7;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#lasttweet {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
float: left;<br />
margin-left:60px;<br />
margin-top: -35px;<br />
font-size:12px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.text3 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:150px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.smallpost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost .microImage {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:-15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost p {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
padding-left:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h3 a {<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p a {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #ffffff;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost {<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin-right:50px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost img {<br />
float:right;<br />
width:410px;<br />
height:200px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#right {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
catLinks {<br />
border: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
border:none;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
margin:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#top-section{<br />
font-size:16px;<br />
border:none; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; height:15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
border:0;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu li {<br />
border:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper {<br />
padding:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body{<br />
width:100%;<br />
margin:0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#globalWrapper {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost2 h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
largepost2 p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost {<br />
width:960px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost img {<br />
width:840px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
height:483px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#pt-log{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar ul{<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.right-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.left-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost3 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#rightContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
margin-left:25px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost {<br />
position:absolute;<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
padding-top: 20px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:black;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
margin-top:1180px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost img {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:150px;<br />
height:115px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost p {<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
position: absolute;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:170px;<br />
margin-top:500px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 span {<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
font-size:18px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:570px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
margin: 0px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.humanPost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.humanPost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
humanPost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage{<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:280px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage img{<br />
width:260px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.medal {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}</div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/style.cssTeam:Dundee/style.css2011-10-28T20:03:23Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
<hr />
<div>.medal {<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, address, blockquote, dd, dl, hr, p, form{<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body {<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
vertical-align: top;<br />
background: #000;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a {<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color : #ffffff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:hover { text-decoration: none; }<br />
<br />
a img { border: 0; }<br />
<br />
p { padding: 10px 0 5px; }<br />
<br />
p img { max-width: 100%; }<br />
<br />
img.aligncenter {<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignright{<br />
margin: 3px 0 2px 10px;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignleft {<br />
margin: 3px 10px 2px 0;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.alignleft { float: left; }<br />
<br />
.alignright { float: right }<br />
<br />
.aligncenter { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }<br />
<br />
.clear { margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both; }<br />
<br />
ul {<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 180px;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
background: black;<br />
background-image:url(https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/78/Header3.png)<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 {<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
padding: 30px 0 0 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 a{<br />
margin: 10px 0 30px 0;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
font-size: 42px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
text-transform: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 45px;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul{<br />
margin: 5px auto;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
list-style-type: none;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 13px;<br />
border: 5px #fff solid;<br />
background: #b5463f;<br />
letter-spacing:1px;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a{<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 3px 7px 1px 12px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a:hover{<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li.current_page_item{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#container {<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-top: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-right: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar {<br />
<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 240px;<br />
margin-left: 12px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post {<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a{<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 {<br />
font-size: 36px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
color: #b5463f;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a:hover{<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0; <br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
background: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta {<br />
color: #6e212e;<br />
line-height: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta p {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry {<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.entry h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 10px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
}<br />
.entry h2 a {<br />
color: #8f3939;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h3 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h4 {<br />
font-size: 20px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h5 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h6 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.post a img {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
border: 2px solid #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover img{<br />
border: 2px solid #b5463f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.sidebar a {<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
list-style: none;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
margin: 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li {<br />
padding: 10px 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li h2 {<br />
border-bottom: 1px dotted #2a423c;<br />
padding: 8px 10px 9px;<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 6px 5px 0;<br />
margin: 0 5px 10px;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul li {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul ul {<br />
padding: 0 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single {<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
margin: 0 0 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.avatar {<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
} <br />
<br />
<br />
#footer{<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 10px 0 10px 0;<br />
border-top: 5px solid #6e212e;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
height: 20px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud {<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_up {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_up.png) top center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_bottom {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_bottom.png) bottom center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a{<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 3px ;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a:hover{<br />
margin: 3px;<br />
color: #e3d185;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p{<br />
margin: 0 10px 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer a img {<br />
width: 32px;<br />
height: 32px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:840px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 span {<br />
color:#ffe9b7;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#lasttweet {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
float: left;<br />
margin-left:60px;<br />
margin-top: -35px;<br />
font-size:12px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.text3 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:150px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.smallpost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost .microImage {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:-15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost p {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
padding-left:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h3 a {<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p a {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #ffffff;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost {<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin-right:50px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost img {<br />
float:right;<br />
width:410px;<br />
height:200px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#right {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
catLinks {<br />
border: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
border:none;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
margin:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#top-section{<br />
font-size:16px;<br />
border:none; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; height:15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
border:0;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu li {<br />
border:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper {<br />
padding:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body{<br />
width:100%;<br />
margin:0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#globalWrapper {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost2 h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
largepost2 p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost {<br />
width:960px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost img {<br />
width:840px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
height:483px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#pt-log{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar ul{<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.right-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.left-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost3 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#rightContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
margin-left:25px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost {<br />
position:absolute;<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
padding-top: 20px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:black;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
margin-top:1200px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost img {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:150px;<br />
height:115px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost p {<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
position: absolute;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:170px;<br />
margin-top:500px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 span {<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
font-size:18px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:570px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
margin: 0px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.humanPost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.humanPost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
humanPost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage{<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:280px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage img{<br />
width:260px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.medal {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}</div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/style.cssTeam:Dundee/style.css2011-10-28T20:02:48Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
<hr />
<div>.medal {<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, address, blockquote, dd, dl, hr, p, form{<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body {<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
vertical-align: top;<br />
background: #000;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a {<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color : #ffffff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:hover { text-decoration: none; }<br />
<br />
a img { border: 0; }<br />
<br />
p { padding: 10px 0 5px; }<br />
<br />
p img { max-width: 100%; }<br />
<br />
img.aligncenter {<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignright{<br />
margin: 3px 0 2px 10px;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignleft {<br />
margin: 3px 10px 2px 0;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.alignleft { float: left; }<br />
<br />
.alignright { float: right }<br />
<br />
.aligncenter { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }<br />
<br />
.clear { margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both; }<br />
<br />
ul {<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 180px;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
background: black;<br />
background-image:url(https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/78/Header3.png)<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 {<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
padding: 30px 0 0 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 a{<br />
margin: 10px 0 30px 0;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
font-size: 42px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
text-transform: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 45px;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul{<br />
margin: 5px auto;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
list-style-type: none;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 13px;<br />
border: 5px #fff solid;<br />
background: #b5463f;<br />
letter-spacing:1px;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a{<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 3px 7px 1px 12px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a:hover{<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li.current_page_item{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#container {<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-top: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-right: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar {<br />
<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 240px;<br />
margin-left: 12px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post {<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a{<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 {<br />
font-size: 36px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
color: #b5463f;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a:hover{<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0; <br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
background: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta {<br />
color: #6e212e;<br />
line-height: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta p {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry {<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.entry h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 10px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
}<br />
.entry h2 a {<br />
color: #8f3939;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h3 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h4 {<br />
font-size: 20px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h5 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h6 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.post a img {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
border: 2px solid #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover img{<br />
border: 2px solid #b5463f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.sidebar a {<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
list-style: none;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
margin: 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li {<br />
padding: 10px 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li h2 {<br />
border-bottom: 1px dotted #2a423c;<br />
padding: 8px 10px 9px;<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 6px 5px 0;<br />
margin: 0 5px 10px;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul li {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul ul {<br />
padding: 0 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single {<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
margin: 0 0 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.avatar {<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
} <br />
<br />
<br />
#footer{<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 10px 0 10px 0;<br />
border-top: 5px solid #6e212e;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
height: 20px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud {<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_up {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_up.png) top center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_bottom {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_bottom.png) bottom center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a{<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 3px ;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a:hover{<br />
margin: 3px;<br />
color: #e3d185;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p{<br />
margin: 0 10px 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer a img {<br />
width: 32px;<br />
height: 32px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:840px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 span {<br />
color:#ffe9b7;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#lasttweet {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
float: left;<br />
margin-left:60px;<br />
margin-top: -35px;<br />
font-size:12px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.text3 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:150px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.smallpost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost .microImage {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:-15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost p {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
padding-left:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h3 a {<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p a {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #ffffff;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost {<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin-right:50px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost img {<br />
float:right;<br />
width:410px;<br />
height:200px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#right {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
catLinks {<br />
border: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
border:none;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
margin:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#top-section{<br />
font-size:16px;<br />
border:none; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; height:15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
border:0;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu li {<br />
border:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper {<br />
padding:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body{<br />
width:100%;<br />
margin:0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#globalWrapper {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost2 h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
largepost2 p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost {<br />
width:960px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost img {<br />
width:840px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
height:483px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#pt-log{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar ul{<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.right-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.left-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost3 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#rightContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
margin-left:25px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost {<br />
position:absolute;<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
padding-top: 20px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:black;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
margin-top:1130px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost img {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:150px;<br />
height:115px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost p {<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
position: absolute;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:170px;<br />
margin-top:500px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 span {<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
font-size:18px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:570px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
margin: 0px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.humanPost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.humanPost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
humanPost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage{<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:280px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage img{<br />
width:260px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.medal {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}</div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/style.cssTeam:Dundee/style.css2011-10-28T20:01:45Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
<hr />
<div>.medal {<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, address, blockquote, dd, dl, hr, p, form{<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body {<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
vertical-align: top;<br />
background: #000;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a {<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color : #ffffff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:hover { text-decoration: none; }<br />
<br />
a img { border: 0; }<br />
<br />
p { padding: 10px 0 5px; }<br />
<br />
p img { max-width: 100%; }<br />
<br />
img.aligncenter {<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignright{<br />
margin: 3px 0 2px 10px;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignleft {<br />
margin: 3px 10px 2px 0;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.alignleft { float: left; }<br />
<br />
.alignright { float: right }<br />
<br />
.aligncenter { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }<br />
<br />
.clear { margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both; }<br />
<br />
ul {<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 180px;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
background: black;<br />
background-image:url(https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/78/Header3.png)<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 {<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
padding: 30px 0 0 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 a{<br />
margin: 10px 0 30px 0;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
font-size: 42px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
text-transform: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 45px;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul{<br />
margin: 5px auto;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
list-style-type: none;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 13px;<br />
border: 5px #fff solid;<br />
background: #b5463f;<br />
letter-spacing:1px;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a{<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 3px 7px 1px 12px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a:hover{<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li.current_page_item{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#container {<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-top: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-right: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar {<br />
<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 240px;<br />
margin-left: 12px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post {<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a{<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 {<br />
font-size: 36px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
color: #b5463f;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a:hover{<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0; <br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
background: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta {<br />
color: #6e212e;<br />
line-height: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta p {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry {<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.entry h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 10px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
}<br />
.entry h2 a {<br />
color: #8f3939;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h3 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h4 {<br />
font-size: 20px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h5 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h6 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.post a img {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
border: 2px solid #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover img{<br />
border: 2px solid #b5463f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.sidebar a {<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
list-style: none;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
margin: 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li {<br />
padding: 10px 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li h2 {<br />
border-bottom: 1px dotted #2a423c;<br />
padding: 8px 10px 9px;<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 6px 5px 0;<br />
margin: 0 5px 10px;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul li {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul ul {<br />
padding: 0 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single {<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
margin: 0 0 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.avatar {<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
} <br />
<br />
<br />
#footer{<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 10px 0 10px 0;<br />
border-top: 5px solid #6e212e;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
height: 20px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud {<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_up {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_up.png) top center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_bottom {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_bottom.png) bottom center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a{<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 3px ;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a:hover{<br />
margin: 3px;<br />
color: #e3d185;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p{<br />
margin: 0 10px 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer a img {<br />
width: 32px;<br />
height: 32px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:840px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 span {<br />
color:#ffe9b7;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#lasttweet {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
float: left;<br />
margin-left:60px;<br />
margin-top: -35px;<br />
font-size:12px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.text3 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:150px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.smallpost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost .microImage {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:-15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost p {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
padding-left:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h3 a {<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p a {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #ffffff;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost {<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin-right:50px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost img {<br />
float:right;<br />
width:410px;<br />
height:200px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#right {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
catLinks {<br />
border: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
border:none;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
margin:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#top-section{<br />
font-size:16px;<br />
border:none; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; height:15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
border:0;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu li {<br />
border:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper {<br />
padding:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body{<br />
width:100%;<br />
margin:0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#globalWrapper {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost2 h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
largepost2 p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost {<br />
width:960px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost img {<br />
width:840px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
height:483px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#pt-log{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar ul{<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.right-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.left-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost3 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#rightContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
margin-left:25px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost {<br />
position:absolute;<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
padding-top: 20px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:black;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
margin-top:1100px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost img {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:150px;<br />
height:115px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost p {<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
position: absolute;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:170px;<br />
margin-top:500px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 span {<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
font-size:18px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:570px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
margin: 0px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.humanPost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.humanPost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
humanPost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage{<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:280px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage img{<br />
width:260px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.medal {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}</div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/style.cssTeam:Dundee/style.css2011-10-28T20:01:00Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
<hr />
<div>.medal {<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, address, blockquote, dd, dl, hr, p, form{<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body {<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
vertical-align: top;<br />
background: #000;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a {<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color : #ffffff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:hover { text-decoration: none; }<br />
<br />
a img { border: 0; }<br />
<br />
p { padding: 10px 0 5px; }<br />
<br />
p img { max-width: 100%; }<br />
<br />
img.aligncenter {<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignright{<br />
margin: 3px 0 2px 10px;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignleft {<br />
margin: 3px 10px 2px 0;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.alignleft { float: left; }<br />
<br />
.alignright { float: right }<br />
<br />
.aligncenter { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }<br />
<br />
.clear { margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both; }<br />
<br />
ul {<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 180px;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
background: black;<br />
background-image:url(https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/78/Header3.png)<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 {<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
padding: 30px 0 0 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 a{<br />
margin: 10px 0 30px 0;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
font-size: 42px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
text-transform: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 45px;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul{<br />
margin: 5px auto;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
list-style-type: none;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 13px;<br />
border: 5px #fff solid;<br />
background: #b5463f;<br />
letter-spacing:1px;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a{<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 3px 7px 1px 12px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a:hover{<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li.current_page_item{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#container {<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-top: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-right: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar {<br />
<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 240px;<br />
margin-left: 12px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post {<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a{<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 {<br />
font-size: 36px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
color: #b5463f;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a:hover{<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0; <br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
background: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta {<br />
color: #6e212e;<br />
line-height: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta p {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry {<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.entry h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 10px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
}<br />
.entry h2 a {<br />
color: #8f3939;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h3 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h4 {<br />
font-size: 20px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h5 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h6 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.post a img {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
border: 2px solid #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover img{<br />
border: 2px solid #b5463f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.sidebar a {<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
list-style: none;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
margin: 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li {<br />
padding: 10px 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li h2 {<br />
border-bottom: 1px dotted #2a423c;<br />
padding: 8px 10px 9px;<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 6px 5px 0;<br />
margin: 0 5px 10px;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul li {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul ul {<br />
padding: 0 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single {<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
margin: 0 0 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.avatar {<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
} <br />
<br />
<br />
#footer{<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 10px 0 10px 0;<br />
border-top: 5px solid #6e212e;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
height: 20px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud {<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_up {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_up.png) top center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_bottom {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_bottom.png) bottom center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a{<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 3px ;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a:hover{<br />
margin: 3px;<br />
color: #e3d185;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p{<br />
margin: 0 10px 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer a img {<br />
width: 32px;<br />
height: 32px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:840px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 span {<br />
color:#ffe9b7;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#lasttweet {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
float: left;<br />
margin-left:60px;<br />
margin-top: -35px;<br />
font-size:12px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.text3 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:150px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.smallpost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost .microImage {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:-15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost p {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
padding-left:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h3 a {<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p a {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #ffffff;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost {<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin-right:50px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightimagepost img {<br />
float:right;<br />
width:410px;<br />
height:200px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-green p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost-red p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#left {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#right {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:470px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
catLinks {<br />
border: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
border:none;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
margin:none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#top-section{<br />
font-size:16px;<br />
border:none; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; height:15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
border:0;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu li {<br />
border:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper {<br />
padding:0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body{<br />
width:100%;<br />
margin:0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#globalWrapper {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost2 h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
largepost2 p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost2 p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost {<br />
width:960px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largeimagepost img {<br />
width:840px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
height:483px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#pt-log{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar{<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menubar ul{<br />
margin-top:5px;<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.right-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.left-menu ul li a {<br />
background:black;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost3 {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:90px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#rightContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#rightContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
margin-left:25px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
#leftContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 290px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
margin-top:50px;<br />
padding:0px 10px 10px 0px;<br />
font-size: 14px<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent h1 {<br />
font-size:1.7em;<br />
color:#4a3242;<br />
margin-left:5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent p {<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
margin:5px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#middleContent img {<br />
width: 280px;<br />
margin-top: 120px;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost {<br />
position:absolute;<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
padding-top: 20px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:black;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
margin-top:1060px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost img {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:150px;<br />
height:115px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftimagepost p {<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
position: absolute;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:170px;<br />
margin-top:500px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.igemtext h2 span {<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
font-size:18px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost-red h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost-red p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:570px;<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
margin: 0px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.humanPost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost h3 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #000000;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.humanPost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
}<br />
<br />
humanPost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:hover {<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanPost p a:visited{<br />
color:#000000;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage{<br />
float:right;<br />
padding: 0px 0px;<br />
width:280px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.humanImage img{<br />
width:260px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.medal {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}</div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/style.cssTeam:Dundee/style.css2011-10-28T19:58:05Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
<hr />
<div>.medal {<br />
width:200px;<br />
height:191px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, address, blockquote, dd, dl, hr, p, form{<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
body {<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
vertical-align: top;<br />
background: #000;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
a {<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color : #ffffff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
a:hover { text-decoration: none; }<br />
<br />
a img { border: 0; }<br />
<br />
p { padding: 10px 0 5px; }<br />
<br />
p img { max-width: 100%; }<br />
<br />
img.aligncenter {<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignright{<br />
margin: 3px 0 2px 10px;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.alignleft {<br />
margin: 3px 10px 2px 0;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
border: 1px solid #ededed;<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.alignleft { float: left; }<br />
<br />
.alignright { float: right }<br />
<br />
.aligncenter { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }<br />
<br />
.clear { margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both; }<br />
<br />
ul {<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#wrapper{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin: 0 auto;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header{<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 180px;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
background: black;<br />
background-image:url(https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/78/Header3.png)<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 {<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
padding: 30px 0 0 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h1 a{<br />
margin: 10px 0 30px 0;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
font-size: 42px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
}<br />
<br />
#header h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 0px 0 0 30px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
text-transform: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu {<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 45px;<br />
border-bottom: 5px #6e212e solid;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul{<br />
margin: 5px auto;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
list-style-type: none;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
margin-left:20px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 13px;<br />
border: 5px #fff solid;<br />
background: #b5463f;<br />
letter-spacing:1px;<br />
padding: 0 0 0 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a{<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 3px 7px 1px 12px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#menu ul li a:hover{<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
#menu ul li.current_page_item{<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px 3px 5px 3px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#container {<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-top: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
#content {<br />
float:left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
margin-right: 0px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar {<br />
<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 240px;<br />
margin-left: 12px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post {<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a{<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: underline;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 {<br />
font-size: 36px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
padding-bottom: 5px;<br />
border-bottom: 1px #2a423c dotted;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
color: #b5463f;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
letter-spacing: -2px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post h2 a:hover{<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0; <br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
background: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta {<br />
color: #6e212e;<br />
line-height: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.meta p {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry {<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.entry h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 10px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h2 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
border:none;<br />
}<br />
.entry h2 a {<br />
color: #8f3939;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h3 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h4 {<br />
font-size: 20px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h5 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.entry h6 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.post a img {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
border: 2px solid #6e212e;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.post a:hover img{<br />
border: 2px solid #b5463f;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.sidebar a {<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
list-style: none;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul {<br />
margin: 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li {<br />
padding: 10px 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul li h2 {<br />
border-bottom: 1px dotted #2a423c;<br />
padding: 8px 10px 9px;<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
padding: 6px 5px 0;<br />
margin: 0 5px 10px;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
list-style-type: square;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul li {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.sidebar ul ul ul {<br />
padding: 0 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation {<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single {<br />
padding: 10px 0;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
font-family: Verdana, Arial;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
margin: 0 0 10px 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
color: #2a423c;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.navigation_single a:hover{<br />
padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px;<br />
margin: 1px 3px 1px 3px;<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
img.avatar {<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 5px;<br />
} <br />
<br />
<br />
#footer{<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
padding: 10px 0 10px 0;<br />
border-top: 5px solid #6e212e;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
line-height: 24px;<br />
background: #fff;<br />
height: 20px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud {<br />
background: #6e212e;<br />
padding: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_up {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_up.png) top center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud_bottom {<br />
background: url(images/tagcloud_bottom.png) bottom center no-repeat;<br />
width: 960px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a{<br />
color: #ffe9b7;<br />
margin: 3px ;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.tagcloud a:hover{<br />
margin: 3px;<br />
color: #e3d185;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p{<br />
margin: 0 10px 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer p a:hover{<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#footer a img {<br />
width: 32px;<br />
height: 32px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:840px;<br />
top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text1 h2 span {<br />
color:#ffe9b7;<br />
letter-spacing: -1px;<br />
background: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);<br />
padding: 0px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
#lasttweet {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
float: left;<br />
margin-left:60px;<br />
margin-top: -35px;<br />
font-size:12px;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#6f212f;<br />
<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text2 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.text3 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-left:150px;<br />
top: 2px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 span {<br />
color:#cddec6;<br />
letter-spacing: 0px;<br />
background: rgb(110, 33, 46); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(110, 33, 46, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-family: Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, Arial;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.text3 h2 a{<br />
color: #cddec6;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(181, 70, 63); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(181, 70, 63, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.smallpost h2 a {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #671111;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.smallpost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
margin-top:10px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost .microImage {<br />
float:left;<br />
width:420px;<br />
margin-left:-15px;<br />
<br />
}<br />
<br />
.imagepost p {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #671111;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:870px;<br />
background: rgb(97, 147, 132); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(97, 147, 132, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #255748;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h2 a {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #255748;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 {<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
border:none;<br />
padding:0px;<br />
padding-left:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
.largepost h3 a {<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost h3 a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.largepost p a:hover {<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-weight:bold<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:30px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.leftpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.leftpost p a {<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
color: #ffffff;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost {<br />
float:left;<br />
padding: 10px 10px;<br />
width:420px;<br />
background: rgb(73, 64, 83); /* fallback color */<br />
background: rgba(73, 64, 83, 0.9);<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
margin:10px;<br />
margin-left:10px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color:#FFFFFF;<br />
font-family: Arial;<br />
text-align:justify;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2, .entry h3, .entry h4, .entry h5, .entry h6 {<br />
padding: 5px 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 {<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
border:none;<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
}<br />
.rightpost h2 a {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:none;<br />
font-weight:bold;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost h2 a:hover {<br />
color: #21182b;<br />
text-decoration:underline;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.rightpost p {<br />
padding:5px;<br />
font-size:14px;<br />
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.medal {<br />
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}</div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:DundeeTeam:Dundee2011-10-28T19:55:49Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<h1><a href="/Team:Dundee">The University of Dundee</a></h1><br />
<div class = "text1"><br />
<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<li><a href="/Team:Dundee/Project" title="Project">Project</a></li> <br />
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<li><a href="/Team:Dundee/Modelling" title="Modelling">Modelling</a></li> <br />
<li><a href="/Team:Dundee/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebook</a></li><br />
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<li ><a href="/Team:Dundee/dnaapp" title="DNA App">DNA App</a></li><br />
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<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Project">The Sphereactor Project</a></h2><br />
<p>Over millennia, eukaryotic cells have evolved sophisticated organelles, which enabled them to partition their cytoplasmic contents into functional sectors (e.g. the nucleus for storage of genetic material).Such compartmentalisation allows greater efficiency of cellular processes,where each organelle is allocated a set of specific metabolic tasks. Some prokaryotes have also developed a method of forming intracellular subdivisions called bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) by producing a set of proteins that ‘cage in’ a reaction pathway to make it more efficient.<br />
One such set of proteins is expressed from the propanediol utilisation (Pdu) operon in Salmonella enterica. Our team aims to design and construct a versatile synthetic microcompartment - The Sphereactor - using genes from the Salmonella pdu operon and an E. coli chassis. In conjunction with new biobricks, and those made by other iGEM groups in the past, we aim to test a universal targeting signal that can be used to pack the Sphereactor with enzymes. This will also help us understand the versatility of our microcompartment and to expand our BMC approach into a wide variety of new applications.</p> <br />
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<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/df/Microcompartment1.jpg" alt = "Microcompartment" class="microImage"><br />
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<div class="largepost-red"><br />
<p>In its simplest form, our Sphereactor is a protein shell, that with the addition of enzymes, can do work for us. Whether we want it to clean water of pollutants, degrade a toxic spill or create a new future for softdrinks, we believe our Sphereactor hold the key. And the brilliant thing is that through our experiments, we have shown it to survive outside of the cell, opening up a huge range of possibilities for the use of our sphereactor as a cell free system. This is a foundational advance in the field of synthetic biology, bypassing all concerns for the eventual release of genetically modified bacteria. We have also investigated the targeting of Ferritin to the Sphereactor with the aim of developing a recall system. This application of the sphereactor represents not only a new way to think about synthetic biology in the lab but is also simple way to avoid all issues of competition and horizontal gene transfer upon release.</p><br />
</div> <br />
<br />
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<div class="largepost"><br />
<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Software">Software for All</a></h2><br />
<p>We are lucky enough to have two Applied Computing students on our team this year. They are focusing on creating software tools and mobile applications to assist the synthetic biologist. </p><br />
<p>One of tools we are developing right now is a multi-platform application that aims to reduce the need for looking up codon tables and hence speeding up the sequencing process.</p><br />
<p>As part of our human practices effort, we have created <a href="http://jspnet.computing.dundee.ac.uk/synbin/">The Syn Bin</a> in order to share and discuss lab accidents.</p><br />
<p>The main aim of our technology team is to provide efficient, usable and super-cool software for all.</p><br />
<br />
</div><br />
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<div class="leftpost"><br />
<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Team">The Sphereactor Team</a></h2><br />
<p>This is the first iGem team to emerge from the University of Dundee. We are all very excited to be taking part in the competition.</p><br />
<p>We are a multi-disciplined team made up of students, advisors and supervisors from Applied Computing, Life Sciences and Mathematics. We feel having a mix of these skills will give us a competitive edge and a well-rounded skill set.</p> <br />
<br />
</div> <br />
<br />
<div class="rightpost"><br />
<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Sponsors"">Sphereactor Sponsors</a></h2><br />
<p>Thanks for the support our sponsors have given us. Without them the project would not have happened.</p> <br />
</div><br />
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<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Project">The Sphereactor Project</a></h2><br />
<p>Over millennia, eukaryotic cells have evolved sophisticated organelles, which enabled them to partition their cytoplasmic contents into functional sectors (e.g. the nucleus for storage of genetic material).Such compartmentalisation allows greater efficiency of cellular processes,where each organelle is allocated a set of specific metabolic tasks. Some prokaryotes have also developed a method of forming intracellular subdivisions called bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) by producing a set of proteins that ‘cage in’ a reaction pathway to make it more efficient.<br />
One such set of proteins is expressed from the propanediol utilisation (Pdu) operon in Salmonella enterica. Our team aims to design and construct a versatile synthetic microcompartment - The Sphereactor - using genes from the Salmonella pdu operon and an E. coli chassis. In conjunction with new biobricks, and those made by other iGEM groups in the past, we aim to test a universal targeting signal that can be used to pack the Sphereactor with enzymes. This will also help us understand the versatility of our microcompartment and to expand our BMC approach into a wide variety of new applications.</p> <br />
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<p>We are lucky enough to have two Applied Computing students on our team this year. They are focusing on creating software tools and mobile applications to assist the synthetic biologist. </p><br />
<p>One of tools we are developing right now is a multi-platform application that aims to reduce the need for looking up codon tables and hence speeding up the sequencing process.</p><br />
<p>As part of our human practices effort, we have created <a href="http://jspnet.computing.dundee.ac.uk/synbin/">The Syn Bin</a> in order to share and discuss lab accidents.</p><br />
<p>The main aim of our technology team is to provide efficient, usable and super-cool software for all.</p><br />
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<h2><a href="/Team:Dundee/Team">The Sphereactor Team</a></h2><br />
<p>This is the first iGem team to emerge from the University of Dundee. We are all very excited to be taking part in the competition.</p><br />
<p>We are a multi-disciplined team made up of students, advisors and supervisors from Applied Computing, Life Sciences and Mathematics. We feel having a mix of these skills will give us a competitive edge and a well-rounded skill set.</p> <br />
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<p>Thanks for the support our sponsors have given us. Without them the project would not have happened.</p> <br />
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#lacking">1. Cooperation is Lacking: <i>collaboration and assistance for St Andrews iGEMMERS</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#safety">2. Safety Concerns.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#skills">.3. Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for iGEMMERS everywhere</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#public">4. An Underengaged Public.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#conclusion">5. Conclusion.</a></p><br />
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<h3>What is “human practices”?</h3><br />
<p>As a team we wanted to analyse and address the society’s relationship with science, and more specifically, synthetic biology. </p><br />
<p>After researching society’s views on synthetic biology we perceived four important problems that we could solve:</p><br />
<p>1. Cooperation between scientists is lacking.</p><br />
<p>2. The public does not perceive synthetic biology to be safe.</p><br />
<p>.3. The key skills required for synthetic biology can be intimidating.</p><br />
<p>4. The general public are not as engaged as they should be.</p><br />
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<a name=”lacking” id = "lacking"><h2>Cooperation is lacking: <i> collaboration with St Andrews</i></h2></a><br />
<p>We believe that cooperation and collaboration are two of the fundamental principles behind the success of synthetic biology. By always keeping these themes at the forefront of our thinking, we could allow them to permeate through our entire project whether it was working directly with another team to reach a common goal, or just making software on multiple platforms to allow more people to use it.</p><br />
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<h3>Eastern iGEM</h3><br />
<p>We were delighted to be able to work closely with the St Andrews iGEM team, who are based just across the Tay Bridge, about 12 miles from Dundee, also on the East coast of Scotland. It was really useful to meet with them and share our experiences. As described later in this section, we worked with them to put on a discussion on the pros and cons of synthetic biology’s place in society to coincide with the World Schools Debating Championships, which were held in Dundee in 2011.</p><br />
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<p>Towards the end of the project we found out that the St Andrews team were having troubles cloning their antimicrobial peptide generator part into the pSB1C3 plasmid. We were pleased to be able to help them troubleshoot their experiments and by working together we were able to successfully clone the part.</p><br />
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<p>The main problem St Andrews were having seemed to be related to the production of new plasmid backbone <i>via</i> PCR with the iGEM specified primer design and specified RFP part. We were able to overcome this problem by carrying out some of their cloning in our lab using their AMP generator and our plasmid backbone which we made by restriction digest of uncut plasmid followed by gel cleanup. While we were doing this St Andrews carried out the same cloning cycle in paralell but using backbone they had generated by PCR. This confirmed that the source of the odd behaviour shown by the St Andrews ligation reactions and by their transformants was likely due to the method of backbone production.</p><br />
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<p>Our troubleshooting experiments led to us being able to provide the St Andrews team with a plate of bacteria containing their part on the desired backbone. Further cooperation between the teams will take place over the coming weeks in order to determine why the PCR based backbone amplification procedure was not working as it should.<br />
It was really great to share our time and resources with them, and we hope there will be a good relationship between the two teams in future iGEM competitions. We wish them the best of luck for the Jamboree.</p><br />
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<h3>Software Advice for other European Teams</h3><br />
<p>Our computer scientists were able to help the TUM iGEM team by offering software advice. Having had difficulties to embed Javascript on their wiki, the TUM team tweeted for assistance. The computer scientists on the Dundee University iGEM team were very happy to help. They tweeted back giving a detailed explanation of what needed to be done. Having followed our advice they tweeted back stating that it was successful. It was interesting to interact with another iGem team we hadn’t met, following the iGEM spirit. We’re excited to meet the team in Amsterdam.</p><br />
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<h3>Submitting Our Parts</h3><br />
<p>When submitting our biobrick parts, we took care to make the parts easily accessible to teams of the future. With new research still carried out into the way the BMC is expressed, and which features are required to form a fully functioning BMC. We hope that by submitting the structural components separately we can encourage other teams to experiment further, for example with the order and composition of the operon. </p><br />
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<a name=”safety” id = "safety"><h2>Safety Concerns</h2></a><br />
<p>Essentially our project is about safety, as we feel at its heart it addresses a fundamental area of synthetic Biology. Arguably one of the biggest problems associated with Synthetic biology is the potential release of genetically engineered machines (GEM) into the environment. We feel that this fear is sometimes justified, and sometimes not. We believed that any step that could reduce the reliance on released GEMs is a step in the right direction. We investigated the use of our Sphereactor as a cell free system. A system that could contain the tools needed to do the work that the released GEMs would have done before. With a cell free system, we have complete control over our machine. We have also investigated the recall of the Sphereactor. This could allow for the Sphereactor to go out, collect up a toxic substance, then be pulled by with a magnet. We feel that a large amount of synthetic biology could be carried out within cell free systems, and that our project has laid some really solid foundations for this.</p><br />
<h3>SynBin</h3><br />
<p>We felt the best way to address safety concerns was to evaluate our behaviour in the laboratory, ask ourselves whether it would be acceptable to the general public, and if not, how can we make it more acceptable.</p><br />
<p>This evaluation inspired the “SynBin”, a tool to help future teams share and discuss their accidents (“Syns”). Whether it’s an embarrassing slip or a more serious “Rachelle’s set the lab on fire… again!” all incidents can be posted anonymously in the SynBin’s database. This will allow fellow synthetic biologists to learn from each other’s mistakes and adapt the way they work, creating a safer lab environment for everyone.</p> <br />
<p>By demonstrating how seriously we take health and safety, we can show the public that synthetic biology is being carried out in a safe and controlled environment. We feel that practical solutions like this are the best way forward to a more engaged and accepting public.</p><br />
<p>The Syn Bin can be found <a href="http://jspnet.computing.dundee.ac.uk/synbin/" class="safetyLink"><b>here</b></a></p><br />
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<a name=”skills” id = "skills"><h2>Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for all</i></h2></a><br />
<h3>Software</h3><br />
<p>One of the first problems any scientist will have on joining the world of synthetic biology is gene cloning. Gene cloning is the method by which DNA molecules can be assembled <i>in vitro</i>, taken up by host cells, and then replicated with the cells as they divide. By speaking with scientists within our building, and by noting the problems we encountered while working, we realised that cloning can be quite intimidating!</p><br />
<p>Two problems we encountered, by no means all, with cloning were as follows:</p><br />
<p>• Different organisms use codons differently. </p><br />
<p>• Making PCR primers is confusing.</p><br />
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<h3>Gene Synthesiser</h3><br />
<p>Many synthetic biology projects involve the heterologous expression of foreign genes in a host such as <i>E. coli</i>/<i>S. cerevisiae</i> etc. For successful and efficient translation, the codon usage of the newly introduced gene must be optimised to match the tRNA pool of the host organism. However, if one simply picked the most common codon for each amino acid, the rate of translation would be extremely fast across the entire gene. This may lead to subtle characteristics of translation being lost. For example, it has been suggested that in certain regions of the gene, the source organism may ‘choose’ a short run of rare codons, in order to slow down translation in that region. This slowing of the emerging polypeptide from the ribosome has been suggested to facilitate the correct folding of the heterologous protein and/or allow time for the insertion of essential co-factors [19]. These regions of "slow" translation, may occur in loops between different domains of the protein. It may be therefore important for certain genes, to maintain this pattern of fast to slow translation in the target organism.</p><br />
<p>“Gene Synthesiser” is a java application that makes this possible by enabling codon usage pattern matching. The application analyses the patterns of codon usage of the gene that one wants to express, in its native organism and generates new synthetic DNA sequence, optimised for the codon usage of the new target organism, yet matching any patterns of rare to common codons. Gene Synthesiser utilises codon usage data for over 35000 organisms. <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[20]</a></b>.</p><br />
<p>To try the Gene Synthesiser for yourself click <a href = "http://www.dave-gibson.net/projects/genesynthesis"><b>HERE</b> </a></p><br />
<p>We also designed a number of mobile applications (Apps). With the development of smart phones, there is now a demand for simple efficient programs that can aid carrying out everyday tasks.</p><br />
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<h3>The Lazy Scientist</h3><br />
<p>The Lazy Scientist is a translation tool. The app has a number of functions including DNA to amino acid translation, back translation, reverse, complement and reverse complement. The app also contains a genetic codon lookup table allowing all corresponding codons for an amino acid to be looked up. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.<p><br />
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<h3>Gene Slicer/Gene Cutter</h3><br />
<p>The Gene Cutter (iPhone app) and The Gene Slicer (Android app) are DNA cutting tools. The apps have two functions to help restriction mapping of nucleotide sequences. The apps are able to search a sequence for a specific enzyme and can also return a list of enzymes not present in the sequence. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.</p><br />
<p>To date there have been over <b>1500 downloads</b> from all over the world. Making apps will increase the accessibility of synthetic biology, allowing scientists to have portable tools to aid them in synthetic biology wherever they are.</p><br />
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<a name=”public” id = "public"><h2>An Unengaged Public</h2></a><br />
<h3>A Panel Discussion at the 2011 World School Debating Chapionships</h3><br />
<p>To try to engage members of the public, we collaborated with St Andrews iGEM to organise a debate/discussion to coincide with the World School Debating Dhampionships (WSDC). The WSDC is an annual global event with High School students from different cultures and backgrounds, competing and debating on current issues. The WSDC has been an annual competition since 1988 and has been hosted in exotic locations around the world such as Sydney, Lima and Singapore. This year it was held in Dundee, Scotland. In the past, the Championships have had Nelson Mandela and Tony Blair participating as patrons.</p><br />
<p>We felt that the aims and objectives of the WSDC which focus on international understanding would be a good incentive for us to introduce and encourage interest in the relatively controversial field of synthetic biology. Many of the participating WSDC students are potential leaders. The knowledge of Synthetic Biology would be advantageous to future global decisions. By being able to link politics and Synthetic Biology, political promotion of the subject can greatly be enhanced and Synthetic Biology can have a larger beneficial role.</p><br />
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<p>After having decided to collaborate with the iGEM team of St Andrews, we set up a meeting where both teams and Jon Urch, of Revealing Research Dundee, brainstormed ideas for the event. Our first plan was a panel debate, where we would first give a short introduction on synthetic biology (giving a description of synthetic biology and discussing its benefits and limitations) and then allow the students to perform a debate. After lots of discussion we chose to give a longer presentation and then have an open discussion where both the St Andrews and Dundee team form a panel where the audience could direct questions and/or discuss among themselves. In the meetings prior to the discussion, we chose to divide the presentation into two parts: the positive and the negative aspects of Synthetic Biology. The responsibility of the negative aspects was held by the St Andrews team while we prepared for the introduction and discussing the benefits of Synthetic Biology.</p><br />
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<p>On the 21st of August 2011 we held the discussion on Synthetic Biology at The Union in The University of Dundee. At the beginning of our presentation, the audience was asked if they knew anything about synthetic biology and what their opinion regarding it was. Only one person in the audience said that they were opposed to Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Arguments</h3><br />
<p>Synthetic Biology is hard to define, even scientist struggle with the definition. We thus began our presentation by showing what synthetic biology may be defined as. The following definition was used: “ (a) the design and fabrication of biological components and systems that do not already exist in the natural world (b) the re-design and fabrication of existing biological systems” (source: http://syntheticbiology.org/FAQ.html).</p><br />
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<p>Though to describe Synthetic Biology as engineering is a controversial matter, as Simon Munnery says “The engineering equivalent of genetic engineering is to get a bunch of concrete and steel, throw it into a river, and if you can walk across, call it a bridge”. We also thought we would briefly explain in our introduction, how the concept of Synthetic Biology worked; explaining how we use bacterial DNA to give a different function to yeast, and the basic concept of biobricks. We introduced what iGEM was, its goals and past projects, such as the arsenic biosensor. We proceeded to discuss the influence of media and public perception in Synthetic Biology. Breakthroughs such as the organism designed from scratch by Craig Venter has lead to a lot of worry in the general public that scientists are tampering with life. It is mostly fear and lack of understanding, which will slow down the development of useful products through Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<p>The rest of the presentation was used to explain the benefits of Synthetic Biology in more detail. Synthetic Biology is unique in it being able to design and create a product which can suit a specific need. There are many areas in which this would be useful. Synthetic Biology is applicable in renewable energy where research into bio alcohols, photosynthetic algae and hydrogen fuel is looking to solve the global dependence on fossil fuels and reducing damaging emissions. Synthetic Biology has in the past been used to create effective medicines, such recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin from bacteria. Cheaper pharmaceuticals to treat malaria are also being designed and tested by the use of Synthetic Biology. In the future synthetic biology might be able to produce personalized medicine. The use of Synthetic Biology extends even further. Agriculture and environment protection can be substantially improved. </p><br />
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<p>Synthetic biologists are testing disease resistant and high yield plants. These can be complemented with environmentally friendly and safe micro-organism which can reduce water dependence and eliminate chemical fertilizers. They are using experiments that entail combining metabolic components from different organism to improve nutritional components in plants, like increased amounts of food grade protein. This could be a great and efficient way to help famine stricken areas. In addition, Scientists are also looking into naturally occurring oil-devouring micro-organisms which can help in developing new methods to reduce pollution. Natural occurring and environmentally friendly “Wetting agents” or biosurfactant’s produced by bacteria, yeasts or fungi, are potential solutions to damage from pollutants. Synthetic Biologists may be able to isolate the constituent of biosurfactants produced from a microbe and design them to clean up precise locations of a spill or polluted area.</p><br />
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<p>Another relevant example is the use of synthetic bio-films to be used as environmental biosensors. These could be beneficial for sensing nutrient quality or areas of environmental degradation in the soil. </p><br />
<p>The presentation ended with a quote from Alistair Elfick of the University of Edinburgh:</p><br />
<p>“It is envisaged that synthetic biology may be able to contribute to resolving many of the challenges facing us in the 21st Century. The potential applications are immense. We can make devices to produce fuel or animal food from our waste; we can make devices to soak up carbon from the atmosphere and lock it away; we can make devices to synthesise plastics without the need to use oil; we can make devices to sense pollutants; we can make devices to create new drugs. Indeed, synthetic biology holds huge potential to impact positively on our daily lives.” (source: http://www.synbiostandards.co.uk/about_synbio.php) </p><br />
<br />
<p>The second part of the presentation was handed over to the St Andrews team who outlined and discussed the negative aspects and limitations of synthetic biology.<br />
St Andrews began by discussing the role of bioterrorism within synthetic biology. Explaining that since the open source approach used in Synthetic Biology can be used by anyone, it is possible to create a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. The example used here was the assembly of Polio from mail order oligonucleotides. Other potential harmful effects include any organism that escapes the lab into the environment. The consequences of this are potentially dangerous. The bacteria could either colonize people causing harmful effects or even be lethal. In addition, the bacteria could potentially out compete other natural flora. This danger stresses the need for scientists to test their synthetic bacteria in the open environment. For example, the arsenic sensor that was produced by an iGEM team needs to be used in an open environment in order to fulfill its use. There is a possibility here that the bacteria becomes endemic in the environment during the test, causing lethal or severe damage to animals, plants or humans before one could destroy the bacteria. The St Andrews team then proceeded to discuss the ethical duty and responsibility of GEMs. Questions such as who defines what life is, and whether scientists alone should define life, were discussed by St Andrews. The controversial concept of scientist playing god through synthetic biology was discussed, emphasizing the issue that scientist might end up modifying biological systems before they properly understand them. Dual-use dilemma was discussed in which the nuclear fission experiments in 20th Century was used as an example. </p><br />
<br />
<p>St Andrews used the last part of their presentation to explain that though these issues are pressing there are many ways that they can be prevented. It is foremost, for scientist worldwide to be primarily concerned with the protection of the public. In actual fact Bioterrorism is realistically not a big threat because there are large amounts of resources required to synthesize and produce a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. In addition, the risk of colonization of synthetic bacteria is also very small, as they would most likely be out competed by their naturally occurring counterparts in an open environment. Using the kill switch (which the St Andrews iGEM team 2011 has built) as an example, cell level safeguards, along with laboratory protocols and transportation procedures can be tailored to substantially eliminate any big threat in Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Response</h3><br />
<p>A lot of interesting questions were raised after the presentations. Among them where issues on patenting, and someone had read an inaccurate representation of a scientific discovery/breakthrough in the press. The Dundee team emphasized the danger of incorrect coverage of science in the media. There was a suggestion that Synthetic Biology could have a fact check website, like politics have, where journalists could evaluate the credibility of media’s coverage on a topic.</p><br />
<br />
<p><a href = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/d9/Dundee_iGEM_Debate.pdf"> <b>View our Debate Information and Powerpoint Presentation</b></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:St_Andrews/debate"><b>View Debate Information and Powerpoint Presentations Here at our Friends' wiki</b></a> </p><br />
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<h3>University of Dundee Open Day: 12th November 2011</h3><br />
<p>To conclude our human practices project the team will take part in a university wide open day in November. We will use an iGEM stand to explain the vision of synthetic biology and clarify any myths surrounding the area. A short demonstration will be used to explain our project and the potential of the Sphereactor. Using the concerns and questions that were raised during the discussion portion of the debate. The stand will be present throughout the whole of the open day providing an opportunity to speak to a large number of people with an active interest in science. The open day is more than just an opportunity to educate people about synthetic biology. We feel that it fits into our program of offering solutions rather than just philosophically wondering about the state of synthetic biology. By using university open days, we will target a group of inquisitive and interested people. We believe this will be a more effective marketing campaign than wider focus events that broadly target the community in a context were people are not specifically interested in the subject. The solution of working with an engaged public and then further using this to spread information is a valuable bridging system between the scientific community and the general public.</p> <br />
<br />
<a name=”conclusion” id = "conclusion"><h2>Conclusion</h2></a><br />
<br />
<p>Our main aim was to address problems in a practical manner while laying groundwork for future iGEM teams to develop on. Only by understanding and embracing these associated problems can we come up with long-term solutions. We feel that the Dundee University iGEM team has made a number of novel steps in the right direction, better defining the purpose of human practices while solidifying the its place within all aspects of synthetic biology.</p><br />
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<h1><a href="/Team:Dundee">The University of Dundee</a></h1><br />
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<h2>Modelling the Sphereactor</h2><br />
<h3>Structure of a Pdu Microcompartment</h3><br />
<p>One approach to modelling we decided to take, was to investigate the structure of a Pdu microcompartment and its size relative to an E.coli chassis. Pdu microcompartments are thought to be very similar structurally to carboxysomes, the microcompartments involved in carbon fixation in autotrophic cyanobacteria and some chemoautotrophic bacteria. Comparisons of shell proteins of carboxysomes and Pdu microcompartments have shown considerable homology, and it is extremely likely that they assemble to form a similar structure. Studies of carboxysomes have shown that they are regular icosahedral structures and it is thought that Pdu microcompartments also assume roughly this shape, with approximate diameter 120nm. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[3]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<p>A regular icosahedron is a polyhedron with twenty equilateral triangular faces, 30 edges, and 12 vertices.<a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[14]</b></a></p><br />
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<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/e/eb/Icosahedron.jpg"><br />
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<p>Figure 1: A regular icosahedron and its net. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[14]</b></a></p><br />
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<p>For a regular icosahedron, it is possible to calculate values for the circumradius, (Rc, radius of a sphere touching all of an icosahedron’s vertices), inradius (Ri, radius of a sphere inscribed in an icosahedral that touches all of its faces) and midradius (Rm, radius that touches the middle of each edge) as follows: </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/9/9d/Radius_formulae.jpg"><br />
<p>where ‘α’ is the edge length of an icosahedron.</p><br />
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<p>Say the radius = 60nm. Then using the above formula for the midradius, edge length can be calculated as α = 74.1641nm. </p><br />
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<p>The total external surface area of an icosahedron, At, can be found by calculating the area of one equilateral triangular face, Ae, then multiplying by the number of faces.</p><br />
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<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/3/32/Area.jpg"><br />
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<p>An icosahedron is composed of 20 pyramids, each with a height Ri and a base of area Ae. The total volume of the icosahedron, Vt, can be found by calculating the volume of one of these pyramids, Vp, then multiplying by the number of pyramids. </p><br />
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<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/4/4d/Volume.jpg"><br />
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<p>The size of the sphereactor relative to its E. coli chassis was then investigated. The approximate length, L, and diameter, D, of an E. coli cell are 2μm and 0.8μm respectively [15]. If we assume an E. coli cell has a roughly cylindrical structure with two hemispherical ends, the approximate volume of our chassis can be calculated. </p><br />
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<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/6/6e/E.coliChassis.png"><br />
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<p>As the total volume of our sphereactor, Vt, is approximately 889,970nm3 or 8.8897x10-4μm3, we can therefore say that it is roughly 1/979 the size of its E. coli chassis. </p><br />
<br />
<p>Next, the proportions of the individual proteins that assemble into the shell of the BMC were investigated. It is thought that five molecules of the protein pduN form pentamers at each of the icosahedron’s twelve vertices. Therefore, theoretically there should be 60 pduN protein molecules present in a single microcompartment. <br />
PduA, -B, -B’, -J, -K, -T and –U all form hexagonal building blocks which associate into flat sheets to form the triangular faces of the icosahedron. While the single-BMC-domain proteins PduA, -J, -K, and -U form protein hexamers, PduB, -B’, and -T have tandem BMC domains so instead form hexagonal protein trimers. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[4]</b></a> <br />
The centre-to-centre length of two hexagonal sub-units varies but is on average 68Å or 6.8nm. <a href= "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[3]</b></a> Using this value, the surface area of the external face of an individual hexagonal building block, Ah, can be calculated. The total external surface area of the icosahedron, At, can then be used to give the approximate number of hexagonal sub-units, Ht, present in the BMC shell. <br />
</p><br />
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<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/dd/Hexagons.jpg"><br />
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<p>We already know there are 12 PduN pentamers at the vertices of the icosahedron, so assuming that the total area of a pduN pentamer is similar to that of a hexagonal protein sub-unit, we can say that the total number of pduA, -B, -B’, -J, -K, -T and –U hexagonal sub-units is approximately 1190 – 12 = 1178. The molar ratios of these Pdu proteins in a single BMC are pduA:pduB:pduB’:pduJ:pduK:pduT:pduU = 19.5:11.5:12.5:30.5:2.5:2:3. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[16]</b></a> Taking into account the fact that some Pdu shell proteins form trimers while some form hexamers, the number of molecules of each protein present in the shell of our Sphereactor can be calculated. </p><br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/0/00/Pie.jpg"><br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/8/88/Molarratio.jpg"><br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/5/5f/Proteinnumbers.jpg"><br />
<br />
<h3>Synthesis of Pdu Proteins</h3><br />
<p>After exploring the structure of our Sphereactor, we next investigated the synthesis of the individual Pdu shell proteins from our synthetic PduABTUNJK operon. In order to express these proteins, the DNA sequence of our PduABTUNJK biobrick is first transcribed into a polycistronic mRNA molecule. This mRNA molecule is then translated into all eight shell proteins, PduA, -B, -B’, -T, -U, -N, -J, and –K by ribosomes.</p><br />
<br />
<p>One hypothesis for the mechanism of translation of our biobrick by ribosomes, is that the translation of a Pdu protein from its sequence on the polycistronic mRNA strand is dependent on the translation of the Pdu protein preceding it on the mRNA. For example, the first ribosome binds at a ribosome binding site (RBS) at the start of the mRNA strand, then moves along the mRNA strand while synthesising the first protein molecule. Only once this first protein molecule has been produced, can translation of the next protein begin, and so on. This might occur in the case where translation of all 8 proteins is carried out by a single ribosome which binds once at the first RBS at the beginning of the mRNA strand and only dissociates upon reaching the end of the last Pdu gene. Alternatively, a ribosome reaching the end of a Pdu gene sequence may somehow activate the RBS of the next Pdu gene, allowing a second ribosome to bind and start translating while the first ribosome dissociates from the mRNA strand.</p><br />
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<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/1/18/Hyp1.jpg"><br />
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<p>This diagram is simplistic in that it shows only one ribosome bound to the mRNA strand. In reality, it is likely that once the first ribosome has vacated the ribosome binding site, a second would bind, and so on. A series of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) consistent with the above diagram can be written to show how the concentrations of the Pdu proteins change with time. First, an ODE was written to represent the change in mRNA concentration with respect to time. For this model, it is assumed that mRNA production, α, is in steady state, and that mRNA has a rate of degradation, kdm. For simplicity, it is also assumed that the production and degradation of mRNA is balanced. The concentration of mRNA therefore remains constant and so its change with respect to time is equal to zero. </p><br />
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<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/5/51/RNA.jpg"><br />
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<p>Seven ODEs representing the change in concentration with respect to time for each Pdu protein are shown below. As PduB and PduB’ are translated from the same Pdu gene, they are treated as one protein represented by a single ODE for simplicity in this model.</p><br />
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<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/d8/ODEs.jpg"><br />
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<p>We have chosen our parameters, kt (rate of transcription), kd (rate of protein degradation), kdm (rate of mRNA degradation), α (source of mRNA) and K (Michaelis constant), so that the model behaves in a realistic manner. The orders of our parameters fit with approximate rates discussed in literature <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[17]</a></b> and with the order of parameters used in other studies of protein translation<b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"> [18]</a></b>.When the concentration of pduA is in steady state, d[A]/dt = 0. Therefore when [A] is in steady state, [A]ss.</p><br />
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<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/8/8c/Asteadystate.jpg"><br />
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<p>Similarly, when [B/B’] is in steady state, [B/B’]ss</p><br />
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<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/0/0c/Bsteadystate.jpg"/><br />
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<p>Continuing in this fashion for every Pdu protein in steady state confirms that in order for all of the Pdu proteins to have the same final steady state value, the parameter Ks must be:</p><br />
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<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/4/4b/Ks.jpg"/><br />
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<br />
<p>Ks is included so that every protein is synthesised to the same concentration in steady state, as would be expected. Ks is the same for all of the ODEs because kt and kd have also been assumed to be the same for all of the Pdu proteins. </p><br />
<br />
<p>In E.coli, translation of mRNA occurs at a rate of ~20aa/s which corresponds to ~60nuc/s. <b><a href ="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[17]</a></b> The total length of the mRNA transcribed from our PduABTUNJK operon is ~3200 nucleotides. Therefore, the approximate length of time for translation of one mRNA strand to occur is ≈ 3200/60 ≈ 53.3s. We can then say it takes ~53.3/7 ≈ 7.6 seconds to translate one Pdu protein. </p><br />
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<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/75/Ktkd.jpg"><br />
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<br />
<p>Therefore the length of time to produce kt/kd protein molecules ≈ 7.6 x kt/kd secs<br />
If we then choose kt = 4 min-1 and kd = 0.4 min-1, we have the length of time to produce kt/kd protein molecules ≈ 760s ≈ 12.7mins. Therefore, we expect the Pdu proteins in our model to reach steady state at time ≈ 12.7mins.</p><br />
<br />
<p>This system of ODEs was solved in MATLAB using the ode45solver.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/6/61/Solvertrans.png"><br />
<br />
<p>The above graph shows how the concentration of each Pdu protein changes with respect to time.</p><br />
<br />
<p>This is only one hypothesis for the mechanism of translation of our PduABTUNJK biobrick. Future work could focus on other hypotheses, for example that a ribosome translates 2 or 3 genes before dissociating.</p><br />
<br />
<p>We also wanted to address the question of how many Sphereactors we might expect to see in our E. coli cells. By adding a term to the end of each of the above ODEs we were able to account for the assembly of Pdu protein into microcompartments. This assembly term took into account the different proportions of each Pdu protein present in a Sphereactor and affected the final steady states for each protein. We were therefore able to predict that after 15 minutes, there will be approximately 90 Sphereactors in a cell. Our model is simplistic in that it does not account for cell growth but instead assumes the cell to be a static structure with a constant volume.</p><br />
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<h2>Modelling the Sphereactor</h2><br />
<h3>Structure of a Pdu Microcompartment</h3><br />
<p>One approach to modelling we decided to take, was to investigate the structure of a Pdu microcompartment and its size relative to an E.coli chassis. Pdu microcompartments are thought to be very similar structurally to carboxysomes, the microcompartments involved in carbon fixation in autotrophic cyanobacteria and some chemoautotrophic bacteria. Comparisons of shell proteins of carboxysomes and Pdu microcompartments have shown considerable homology, and it is extremely likely that they assemble to form a similar structure. Studies of carboxysomes have shown that they are regular icosahedral structures and it is thought that Pdu microcompartments also assume roughly this shape, with approximate diameter 120nm. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[3]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<p>A regular icosahedron is a polyhedron with twenty equilateral triangular faces, 30 edges, and 12 vertices.<a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[14]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/e/eb/Icosahedron.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Figure 1: A regular icosahedron and its net. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[14]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<p>For a regular icosahedron, it is possible to calculate values for the circumradius, (Rc, radius of a sphere touching all of an icosahedron’s vertices), inradius (Ri, radius of a sphere inscribed in an icosahedral that touches all of its faces) and midradius (Rm, radius that touches the middle of each edge) as follows: </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/9/9d/Radius_formulae.jpg"><br />
<p>where ‘α’ is the edge length of an icosahedron.</p><br />
<br />
<p>Say the radius = 60nm. Then using the above formula for the midradius, edge length can be calculated as α = 74.1641nm. </p><br />
<br />
<p>The total external surface area of an icosahedron, At, can be found by calculating the area of one equilateral triangular face, Ae, then multiplying by the number of faces.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/3/32/Area.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>An icosahedron is composed of 20 pyramids, each with a height Ri and a base of area Ae. The total volume of the icosahedron, Vt, can be found by calculating the volume of one of these pyramids, Vp, then multiplying by the number of pyramids. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/4/4d/Volume.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>The size of the sphereactor relative to its E. coli chassis was then investigated. The approximate length, L, and diameter, D, of an E. coli cell are 2μm and 0.8μm respectively [15]. If we assume an E. coli cell has a roughly cylindrical structure with two hemispherical ends, the approximate volume of our chassis can be calculated. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/6/6e/E.coliChassis.png"><br />
<br />
<p>As the total volume of our sphereactor, Vt, is approximately 889,970nm3 or 8.8897x10-4μm3, we can therefore say that it is roughly 1/979 the size of its E. coli chassis. </p><br />
<br />
<p>Next, the proportions of the individual proteins that assemble into the shell of the BMC were investigated. It is thought that five molecules of the protein pduN form pentamers at each of the icosahedron’s twelve vertices. Therefore, theoretically there should be 60 pduN protein molecules present in a single microcompartment. <br />
PduA, -B, -B’, -J, -K, -T and –U all form hexagonal building blocks which associate into flat sheets to form the triangular faces of the icosahedron. While the single-BMC-domain proteins PduA, -J, -K, and -U form protein hexamers, PduB, -B’, and -T have tandem BMC domains so instead form hexagonal protein trimers. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[4]</b></a> <br />
The centre-to-centre length of two hexagonal sub-units varies but is on average 68Å or 6.8nm. <a href= "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[3]</b></a> Using this value, the surface area of the external face of an individual hexagonal building block, Ah, can be calculated. The total external surface area of the icosahedron, At, can then be used to give the approximate number of hexagonal sub-units, Ht, present in the BMC shell. <br />
</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/dd/Hexagons.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>We already know there are 12 PduN pentamers at the vertices of the icosahedron, so assuming that the total area of a pduN pentamer is similar to that of a hexagonal protein sub-unit, we can say that the total number of pduA, -B, -B’, -J, -K, -T and –U hexagonal sub-units is approximately 1190 – 12 = 1178. The molar ratios of these Pdu proteins in a single BMC are pduA:pduB:pduB’:pduJ:pduK:pduT:pduU = 19.5:11.5:12.5:30.5:2.5:2:3. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[16]</b></a> Taking into account the fact that some Pdu shell proteins form trimers while some form hexamers, the number of molecules of each protein present in the shell of our Sphereactor can be calculated. </p><br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/0/00/Pie.jpg"><br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/8/88/Molarratio.jpg"><br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/2/22/Protein_number.jpg"><br />
<br />
<h3>Synthesis of Pdu Proteins</h3><br />
<p>After exploring the structure of our Sphereactor, we next investigated the synthesis of the individual Pdu shell proteins from our synthetic PduABTUNJK operon. In order to express these proteins, the DNA sequence of our PduABTUNJK biobrick is first transcribed into a polycistronic mRNA molecule. This mRNA molecule is then translated into all eight shell proteins, PduA, -B, -B’, -T, -U, -N, -J, and –K by ribosomes.</p><br />
<br />
<p>One hypothesis for the mechanism of translation of our biobrick by ribosomes, is that the translation of a Pdu protein from its sequence on the polycistronic mRNA strand is dependent on the translation of the Pdu protein preceding it on the mRNA. For example, the first ribosome binds at a ribosome binding site (RBS) at the start of the mRNA strand, then moves along the mRNA strand while synthesising the first protein molecule. Only once this first protein molecule has been produced, can translation of the next protein begin, and so on. This might occur in the case where translation of all 8 proteins is carried out by a single ribosome which binds once at the first RBS at the beginning of the mRNA strand and only dissociates upon reaching the end of the last Pdu gene. Alternatively, a ribosome reaching the end of a Pdu gene sequence may somehow activate the RBS of the next Pdu gene, allowing a second ribosome to bind and start translating while the first ribosome dissociates from the mRNA strand.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/1/18/Hyp1.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>This diagram is simplistic in that it shows only one ribosome bound to the mRNA strand. In reality, it is likely that once the first ribosome has vacated the ribosome binding site, a second would bind, and so on. A series of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) consistent with the above diagram can be written to show how the concentrations of the Pdu proteins change with time. First, an ODE was written to represent the change in mRNA concentration with respect to time. For this model, it is assumed that mRNA production, α, is in steady state, and that mRNA has a rate of degradation, kdm. For simplicity, it is also assumed that the production and degradation of mRNA is balanced. The concentration of mRNA therefore remains constant and so its change with respect to time is equal to zero. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/5/51/RNA.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Seven ODEs representing the change in concentration with respect to time for each Pdu protein are shown below. As PduB and PduB’ are translated from the same Pdu gene, they are treated as one protein represented by a single ODE for simplicity in this model.</p><br />
<br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/d8/ODEs.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>We have chosen our parameters, kt (rate of transcription), kd (rate of protein degradation), kdm (rate of mRNA degradation), α (source of mRNA) and K (Michaelis constant), so that the model behaves in a realistic manner. The orders of our parameters fit with approximate rates discussed in literature <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[17]</a></b> and with the order of parameters used in other studies of protein translation<b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"> [18]</a></b>.When the concentration of pduA is in steady state, d[A]/dt = 0. Therefore when [A] is in steady state, [A]ss.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/8/8c/Asteadystate.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Similarly, when [B/B’] is in steady state, [B/B’]ss</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/0/0c/Bsteadystate.jpg"/><br />
<br />
<p>Continuing in this fashion for every Pdu protein in steady state confirms that in order for all of the Pdu proteins to have the same final steady state value, the parameter Ks must be:</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/4/4b/Ks.jpg"/><br />
<br />
<br />
<p>Ks is included so that every protein is synthesised to the same concentration in steady state, as would be expected. Ks is the same for all of the ODEs because kt and kd have also been assumed to be the same for all of the Pdu proteins. </p><br />
<br />
<p>In E.coli, translation of mRNA occurs at a rate of ~20aa/s which corresponds to ~60nuc/s. <b><a href ="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[17]</a></b> The total length of the mRNA transcribed from our PduABTUNJK operon is ~3200 nucleotides. Therefore, the approximate length of time for translation of one mRNA strand to occur is ≈ 3200/60 ≈ 53.3s. We can then say it takes ~53.3/7 ≈ 7.6 seconds to translate one Pdu protein. </p><br />
<br />
<br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/75/Ktkd.jpg"><br />
<br />
<br />
<p>Therefore the length of time to produce kt/kd protein molecules ≈ 7.6 x kt/kd secs<br />
If we then choose kt = 4 min-1 and kd = 0.4 min-1, we have the length of time to produce kt/kd protein molecules ≈ 760s ≈ 12.7mins. Therefore, we expect the Pdu proteins in our model to reach steady state at time ≈ 12.7mins.</p><br />
<br />
<p>This system of ODEs was solved in MATLAB using the ode45solver.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/6/61/Solvertrans.png"><br />
<br />
<p>The above graph shows how the concentration of each Pdu protein changes with respect to time.</p><br />
<br />
<p>This is only one hypothesis for the mechanism of translation of our PduABTUNJK biobrick. Future work could focus on other hypotheses, for example that a ribosome translates 2 or 3 genes before dissociating.</p><br />
<br />
<p>We also wanted to address the question of how many Sphereactors we might expect to see in our E. coli cells. By adding a term to the end of each of the above ODEs we were able to account for the assembly of Pdu protein into microcompartments. This assembly term took into account the different proportions of each Pdu protein present in a Sphereactor and affected the final steady states for each protein. We were therefore able to predict that after 15 minutes, there will be approximately 90 Sphereactors in a cell. Our model is simplistic in that it does not account for cell growth but instead assumes the cell to be a static structure with a constant volume.</p><br />
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</html></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/File:Pie.jpgFile:Pie.jpg2011-10-28T18:20:58Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<div></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/File:Piechart.pngFile:Piechart.png2011-10-28T18:20:09Z<p>Rachmontague: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Piechart.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/ModellingTeam:Dundee/Modelling2011-10-28T18:15:12Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<h2>Modelling the Sphereactor</h2><br />
<h3>Structure of a Pdu Microcompartment</h3><br />
<p>One approach to modelling we decided to take, was to investigate the structure of a Pdu microcompartment and its size relative to an E.coli chassis. Pdu microcompartments are thought to be very similar structurally to carboxysomes, the microcompartments involved in carbon fixation in autotrophic cyanobacteria and some chemoautotrophic bacteria. Comparisons of shell proteins of carboxysomes and Pdu microcompartments have shown considerable homology, and it is extremely likely that they assemble to form a similar structure. Studies of carboxysomes have shown that they are regular icosahedral structures and it is thought that Pdu microcompartments also assume roughly this shape, with approximate diameter 120nm. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[3]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<p>A regular icosahedron is a polyhedron with twenty equilateral triangular faces, 30 edges, and 12 vertices.<a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[14]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/e/eb/Icosahedron.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Figure 1: A regular icosahedron and its net. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[14]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<p>For a regular icosahedron, it is possible to calculate values for the circumradius, (Rc, radius of a sphere touching all of an icosahedron’s vertices), inradius (Ri, radius of a sphere inscribed in an icosahedral that touches all of its faces) and midradius (Rm, radius that touches the middle of each edge) as follows: </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/9/9d/Radius_formulae.jpg"><br />
<p>where ‘α’ is the edge length of an icosahedron.</p><br />
<br />
<p>Say the radius = 60nm. Then using the above formula for the midradius, edge length can be calculated as α = 74.1641nm. </p><br />
<br />
<p>The total external surface area of an icosahedron, At, can be found by calculating the area of one equilateral triangular face, Ae, then multiplying by the number of faces.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/3/32/Area.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>An icosahedron is composed of 20 pyramids, each with a height Ri and a base of area Ae. The total volume of the icosahedron, Vt, can be found by calculating the volume of one of these pyramids, Vp, then multiplying by the number of pyramids. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/4/4d/Volume.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>The size of the sphereactor relative to its E. coli chassis was then investigated. The approximate length, L, and diameter, D, of an E. coli cell are 2μm and 0.8μm respectively [15]. If we assume an E. coli cell has a roughly cylindrical structure with two hemispherical ends, the approximate volume of our chassis can be calculated. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/6/6e/E.coliChassis.png"><br />
<br />
<p>As the total volume of our sphereactor, Vt, is approximately 889,970nm3 or 8.8897x10-4μm3, we can therefore say that it is roughly 1/979 the size of its E. coli chassis. </p><br />
<br />
<p>Next, the proportions of the individual proteins that assemble into the shell of the BMC were investigated. It is thought that five molecules of the protein pduN form pentamers at each of the icosahedron’s twelve vertices. Therefore, theoretically there should be 60 pduN protein molecules present in a single microcompartment. <br />
PduA, -B, -B’, -J, -K, -T and –U all form hexagonal building blocks which associate into flat sheets to form the triangular faces of the icosahedron. While the single-BMC-domain proteins PduA, -J, -K, and -U form protein hexamers, PduB, -B’, and -T have tandem BMC domains so instead form hexagonal protein trimers. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[4]</b></a> <br />
The centre-to-centre length of two hexagonal sub-units varies but is on average 68Å or 6.8nm. <a href= "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[3]</b></a> Using this value, the surface area of the external face of an individual hexagonal building block, Ah, can be calculated. The total external surface area of the icosahedron, At, can then be used to give the approximate number of hexagonal sub-units, Ht, present in the BMC shell. <br />
</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/dd/Hexagons.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>We already know there are 12 PduN pentamers at the vertices of the icosahedron, so assuming that the total area of a pduN pentamer is similar to that of a hexagonal protein sub-unit, we can say that the total number of pduA, -B, -B’, -J, -K, -T and –U hexagonal sub-units is approximately 1190 – 12 = 1178. The molar ratios of these Pdu proteins in a single BMC are pduA:pduB:pduB’:pduJ:pduK:pduT:pduU = 19.5:11.5:12.5:30.5:2.5:2:3. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[16]</b></a> Taking into account the fact that some Pdu shell proteins form trimers while some form hexamers, the number of molecules of each protein present in the shell of our Sphereactor can be calculated. </p><br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/2/24/Piechart.png"><br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/8/88/Molarratio.jpg"><br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/2/22/Protein_number.jpg"><br />
<br />
<h3>Synthesis of Pdu Proteins</h3><br />
<p>After exploring the structure of our Sphereactor, we next investigated the synthesis of the individual Pdu shell proteins from our synthetic PduABTUNJK operon. In order to express these proteins, the DNA sequence of our PduABTUNJK biobrick is first transcribed into a polycistronic mRNA molecule. This mRNA molecule is then translated into all eight shell proteins, PduA, -B, -B’, -T, -U, -N, -J, and –K by ribosomes.</p><br />
<br />
<p>One hypothesis for the mechanism of translation of our biobrick by ribosomes, is that the translation of a Pdu protein from its sequence on the polycistronic mRNA strand is dependent on the translation of the Pdu protein preceding it on the mRNA. For example, the first ribosome binds at a ribosome binding site (RBS) at the start of the mRNA strand, then moves along the mRNA strand while synthesising the first protein molecule. Only once this first protein molecule has been produced, can translation of the next protein begin, and so on. This might occur in the case where translation of all 8 proteins is carried out by a single ribosome which binds once at the first RBS at the beginning of the mRNA strand and only dissociates upon reaching the end of the last Pdu gene. Alternatively, a ribosome reaching the end of a Pdu gene sequence may somehow activate the RBS of the next Pdu gene, allowing a second ribosome to bind and start translating while the first ribosome dissociates from the mRNA strand.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/1/18/Hyp1.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>This diagram is simplistic in that it shows only one ribosome bound to the mRNA strand. In reality, it is likely that once the first ribosome has vacated the ribosome binding site, a second would bind, and so on. A series of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) consistent with the above diagram can be written to show how the concentrations of the Pdu proteins change with time. First, an ODE was written to represent the change in mRNA concentration with respect to time. For this model, it is assumed that mRNA production, α, is in steady state, and that mRNA has a rate of degradation, kdm. For simplicity, it is also assumed that the production and degradation of mRNA is balanced. The concentration of mRNA therefore remains constant and so its change with respect to time is equal to zero. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/5/51/RNA.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Seven ODEs representing the change in concentration with respect to time for each Pdu protein are shown below. As PduB and PduB’ are translated from the same Pdu gene, they are treated as one protein represented by a single ODE for simplicity in this model.</p><br />
<br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/d8/ODEs.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>We have chosen our parameters, kt (rate of transcription), kd (rate of protein degradation), kdm (rate of mRNA degradation), α (source of mRNA) and K (Michaelis constant), so that the model behaves in a realistic manner. The orders of our parameters fit with approximate rates discussed in literature <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[17]</a></b> and with the order of parameters used in other studies of protein translation<b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"> [18]</a></b>.When the concentration of pduA is in steady state, d[A]/dt = 0. Therefore when [A] is in steady state, [A]ss.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/8/8c/Asteadystate.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Similarly, when [B/B’] is in steady state, [B/B’]ss</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/0/0c/Bsteadystate.jpg"/><br />
<br />
<p>Continuing in this fashion for every Pdu protein in steady state confirms that in order for all of the Pdu proteins to have the same final steady state value, the parameter Ks must be:</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/4/4b/Ks.jpg"/><br />
<br />
<br />
<p>Ks is included so that every protein is synthesised to the same concentration in steady state, as would be expected. Ks is the same for all of the ODEs because kt and kd have also been assumed to be the same for all of the Pdu proteins. </p><br />
<br />
<p>In E.coli, translation of mRNA occurs at a rate of ~20aa/s which corresponds to ~60nuc/s. <b><a href ="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[17]</a></b> The total length of the mRNA transcribed from our PduABTUNJK operon is ~3200 nucleotides. Therefore, the approximate length of time for translation of one mRNA strand to occur is ≈ 3200/60 ≈ 53.3s. We can then say it takes ~53.3/7 ≈ 7.6 seconds to translate one Pdu protein. </p><br />
<br />
<br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/75/Ktkd.jpg"><br />
<br />
<br />
<p>Therefore the length of time to produce kt/kd protein molecules ≈ 7.6 x kt/kd secs<br />
If we then choose kt = 4 min-1 and kd = 0.4 min-1, we have the length of time to produce kt/kd protein molecules ≈ 760s ≈ 12.7mins. Therefore, we expect the Pdu proteins in our model to reach steady state at time ≈ 12.7mins.</p><br />
<br />
<p>This system of ODEs was solved in MATLAB using the ode45solver.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/6/61/Solvertrans.png"><br />
<br />
<p>The above graph shows how the concentration of each Pdu protein changes with respect to time.</p><br />
<br />
<p>This is only one hypothesis for the mechanism of translation of our PduABTUNJK biobrick. Future work could focus on other hypotheses, for example that a ribosome translates 2 or 3 genes before dissociating.</p><br />
<br />
<p>We also wanted to address the question of how many Sphereactors we might expect to see in our E. coli cells. By adding a term to the end of each of the above ODEs we were able to account for the assembly of Pdu protein into microcompartments. This assembly term took into account the different proportions of each Pdu protein present in a Sphereactor and affected the final steady states for each protein. We were therefore able to predict that after 15 minutes, there will be approximately 90 Sphereactors in a cell. Our model is simplistic in that it does not account for cell growth but instead assumes the cell to be a static structure with a constant volume.</p><br />
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<h1><a href="/Team:Dundee">The University of Dundee</a></h1><br />
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<h2>Modelling the Sphereactor</h2><br />
<h3>Structure of a Pdu Microcompartment</h3><br />
<p>One approach to modelling we decided to take, was to investigate the structure of a Pdu microcompartment and its size relative to an E.coli chassis. Pdu microcompartments are thought to be very similar structurally to carboxysomes, the microcompartments involved in carbon fixation in autotrophic cyanobacteria and some chemoautotrophic bacteria. Comparisons of shell proteins of carboxysomes and Pdu microcompartments have shown considerable homology, and it is extremely likely that they assemble to form a similar structure. Studies of carboxysomes have shown that they are regular icosahedral structures and it is thought that Pdu microcompartments also assume roughly this shape, with approximate diameter 120nm. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[3]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<p>A regular icosahedron is a polyhedron with twenty equilateral triangular faces, 30 edges, and 12 vertices.<a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[14]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/e/eb/Icosahedron.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Figure 1: A regular icosahedron and its net. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[14]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<p>For a regular icosahedron, it is possible to calculate values for the circumradius, (Rc, radius of a sphere touching all of an icosahedron’s vertices), inradius (Ri, radius of a sphere inscribed in an icosahedral that touches all of its faces) and midradius (Rm, radius that touches the middle of each edge) as follows: </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/9/9d/Radius_formulae.jpg"><br />
<p>where ‘α’ is the edge length of an icosahedron.</p><br />
<br />
<p>Say the radius = 60nm. Then using the above formula for the midradius, edge length can be calculated as α = 74.1641nm. </p><br />
<br />
<p>The total external surface area of an icosahedron, At, can be found by calculating the area of one equilateral triangular face, Ae, then multiplying by the number of faces.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/3/32/Area.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>An icosahedron is composed of 20 pyramids, each with a height Ri and a base of area Ae. The total volume of the icosahedron, Vt, can be found by calculating the volume of one of these pyramids, Vp, then multiplying by the number of pyramids. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/4/4d/Volume.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>The size of the sphereactor relative to its E. coli chassis was then investigated. The approximate length, L, and diameter, D, of an E. coli cell are 2μm and 0.8μm respectively [15]. If we assume an E. coli cell has a roughly cylindrical structure with two hemispherical ends, the approximate volume of our chassis can be calculated. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/6/6e/E.coliChassis.png"><br />
<br />
<p>As the total volume of our sphereactor, Vt, is approximately 889,970nm3 or 8.8897x10-4μm3, we can therefore say that it is roughly 1/979 the size of its E. coli chassis. </p><br />
<br />
<p>Next, the proportions of the individual proteins that assemble into the shell of the BMC were investigated. It is thought that five molecules of the protein pduN form pentamers at each of the icosahedron’s twelve vertices. Therefore, theoretically there should be 60 pduN protein molecules present in a single microcompartment. <br />
PduA, -B, -B’, -J, -K, -T and –U all form hexagonal building blocks which associate into flat sheets to form the triangular faces of the icosahedron. While the single-BMC-domain proteins PduA, -J, -K, and -U form protein hexamers, PduB, -B’, and -T have tandem BMC domains so instead form hexagonal protein trimers. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[4]</b></a> <br />
The centre-to-centre length of two hexagonal sub-units varies but is on average 68Å or 6.8nm. <a href= "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[3]</b></a> Using this value, the surface area of the external face of an individual hexagonal building block, Ah, can be calculated. The total external surface area of the icosahedron, At, can then be used to give the approximate number of hexagonal sub-units, Ht, present in the BMC shell. <br />
</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/dd/Hexagons.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>We already know there are 12 PduN pentamers at the vertices of the icosahedron, so assuming that the total area of a pduN pentamer is similar to that of a hexagonal protein sub-unit, we can say that the total number of pduA, -B, -B’, -J, -K, -T and –U hexagonal sub-units is approximately 1190 – 12 = 1178. The molar ratios of these Pdu proteins in a single BMC are pduA:pduB:pduB’:pduJ:pduK:pduT:pduU = 19.5:11.5:12.5:30.5:2.5:2:3. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[16]</b></a> Taking into account the fact that some Pdu shell proteins form trimers while some form hexamers, the number of molecules of each protein present in the shell of our Sphereactor can be calculated. </p><br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/2/24/Piechart.png"><br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/8/88/Molarratio.jpg"><br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/2/22/Protein_number.jpg"><br />
<br />
<h3>Synthesis of Pdu Proteins</h3><br />
<p>After exploring the structure of our Sphereactor, we next investigated the synthesis of the individual Pdu shell proteins from our synthetic PduABTUNJK operon. In order to express these proteins, the DNA sequence of our PduABTUNJK biobrick is first transcribed into a polycistronic mRNA molecule. This mRNA molecule is then translated into all eight shell proteins, PduA, -B, -B’, -T, -U, -N, -J, and –K by ribosomes.</p><br />
<br />
<p>One hypothesis for the mechanism of translation of our biobrick by ribosomes, is that the translation of a Pdu protein from its sequence on the polycistronic mRNA strand is dependent on the translation of the Pdu protein preceding it on the mRNA. For example, the first ribosome binds at a ribosome binding site (RBS) at the start of the mRNA strand, then moves along the mRNA strand while synthesising the first protein molecule. Only once this first protein molecule has been produced, can translation of the next protein begin, and so on. This might occur in the case where translation of all 8 proteins is carried out by a single ribosome which binds once at the first RBS at the beginning of the mRNA strand and only dissociates upon reaching the end of the last Pdu gene. Alternatively, a ribosome reaching the end of a Pdu gene sequence may somehow activate the RBS of the next Pdu gene, allowing a second ribosome to bind and start translating while the first ribosome dissociates from the mRNA strand.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/1/18/Hyp1.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>This diagram is simplistic in that it shows only one ribosome bound to the mRNA strand. In reality, it is likely that once the first ribosome has vacated the ribosome binding site, a second would bind, and so on. A series of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) consistent with the above diagram can be written to show how the concentrations of the Pdu proteins change with time. First, an ODE was written to represent the change in mRNA concentration with respect to time. For this model, it is assumed that mRNA production, α, is in steady state, and that mRNA has a rate of degradation, kdm. For simplicity, it is also assumed that the production and degradation of mRNA is balanced. The concentration of mRNA therefore remains constant and so its change with respect to time is equal to zero. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/5/51/RNA.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Seven ODEs representing the change in concentration with respect to time for each Pdu protein are shown below. As PduB and PduB’ are translated from the same Pdu gene, they are treated as one protein represented by a single ODE for simplicity in this model.</p><br />
<br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/d8/ODEs.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>We have chosen our parameters, kt (rate of transcription), kd (rate of protein degradation), kdm (rate of mRNA degradation), α (source of mRNA) and K (Michaelis constant), so that the model behaves in a realistic manner. The orders of our parameters fit with approximate rates discussed in literature <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[17]</a></b> and with the order of parameters used in other studies of protein translation<b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"> [18]</a></b>.When the concentration of pduA is in steady state, d[A]/dt = 0. Therefore when [A] is in steady state, [A]ss.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/8/8c/Asteadystate.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Similarly, when [B/B’] is in steady state, [B/B’]ss</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/0/0c/Bsteadystate.jpg"/><br />
<br />
<p>Continuing in this fashion for every Pdu protein in steady state confirms that in order for all of the Pdu proteins to have the same final steady state value, the parameter Ks must be:</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/4/4b/Ks.jpg"/><br />
<br />
<br />
<p>Ks is included so that every protein is synthesised to the same concentration in steady state, as would be expected. Ks is the same for all of the ODEs because kt and kd have also been assumed to be the same for all of the Pdu proteins. </p><br />
<br />
<p>In E.coli, translation of mRNA occurs at a rate of ~20aa/s which corresponds to ~60nuc/s. <b><a href ="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[17]</a></b> The total length of the mRNA transcribed from our PduABTUNJK operon is ~3200 nucleotides. Therefore, the approximate length of time for translation of one mRNA strand to occur is ≈ 3200/60 ≈ 53.3s. We can then say it takes ~53.3/7 ≈ 7.6 seconds to translate one Pdu protein. </p><br />
<br />
<br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/75/Ktkd.jpg"><br />
<br />
<br />
<p>Therefore the length of time to produce kt/kd protein molecules ≈ 7.6 x kt/kd secs<br />
If we then choose kt = 4 min-1 and kd = 0.4 min-1, we have the length of time to produce kt/kd protein molecules ≈ 760s ≈ 12.7mins. Therefore, we expect the Pdu proteins in our model to reach steady state at time ≈ 12.7mins.</p><br />
<br />
<p>This system of ODEs was solved in MATLAB using the ode45solver.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/6/61/Solvertrans.png"><br />
<br />
<p>The above graph shows how the concentration of each Pdu protein changes with respect to time.</p><br />
<br />
<p>This is only one hypothesis for the mechanism of translation of our PduABTUNJK biobrick. Future work could focus on other hypotheses, for example that a ribosome translates 2 or 3 genes before dissociating.</p><br />
<br />
<p>We also wanted to address the question of how many Sphereactors we might expect to see in our E. coli cells. By adding a term to the end of each of the above ODEs we were able to account for the assembly of Pdu protein into microcompartments. This assembly term took into account the different proportions of each Pdu protein present in a Sphereactor and affected the final steady states for each protein. We were therefore able to predict that after 15 minutes, there will be approximately 90 Sphereactors in a cell. Our model is simplistic in that it does not account for cell growth but instead assumes the cell to be a static structure with a constant volume.</p><br />
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<h1><a href="/Team:Dundee">The University of Dundee</a></h1><br />
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<h2>Modelling the Sphereactor</h2><br />
<h3>Structure of a Pdu Microcompartment</h3><br />
<p>One approach to modelling we decided to take, was to investigate the structure of a Pdu microcompartment and its size relative to an E.coli chassis. Pdu microcompartments are thought to be very similar structurally to carboxysomes, the microcompartments involved in carbon fixation in autotrophic cyanobacteria and some chemoautotrophic bacteria. Comparisons of shell proteins of carboxysomes and Pdu microcompartments have shown considerable homology, and it is extremely likely that they assemble to form a similar structure. Studies of carboxysomes have shown that they are regular icosahedral structures and it is thought that Pdu microcompartments also assume roughly this shape, with approximate diameter 120nm. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[3]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<p>A regular icosahedron is a polyhedron with twenty equilateral triangular faces, 30 edges, and 12 vertices.<a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[14]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/e/eb/Icosahedron.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Figure 1: A regular icosahedron and its net. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[14]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<p>For a regular icosahedron, it is possible to calculate values for the circumradius, (Rc, radius of a sphere touching all of an icosahedron’s vertices), inradius (Ri, radius of a sphere inscribed in an icosahedral that touches all of its faces) and midradius (Rm, radius that touches the middle of each edge) as follows: </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/9/9d/Radius_formulae.jpg"><br />
<p>where ‘α’ is the edge length of an icosahedron.</p><br />
<br />
<p>Say the radius = 60nm. Then using the above formula for the midradius, edge length can be calculated as α = 74.1641nm. </p><br />
<br />
<p>The total external surface area of an icosahedron, At, can be found by calculating the area of one equilateral triangular face, Ae, then multiplying by the number of faces.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/3/32/Area.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>An icosahedron is composed of 20 pyramids, each with a height Ri and a base of area Ae. The total volume of the icosahedron, Vt, can be found by calculating the volume of one of these pyramids, Vp, then multiplying by the number of pyramids. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/4/4d/Volume.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>The size of the sphereactor relative to its E. coli chassis was then investigated. The approximate length, L, and diameter, D, of an E. coli cell are 2μm and 0.8μm respectively [15]. If we assume an E. coli cell has a roughly cylindrical structure with two hemispherical ends, the approximate volume of our chassis can be calculated. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/6/6e/E.coliChassis.png"><br />
<br />
<p>As the total volume of our sphereactor, Vt, is approximately 889,970nm3 or 8.8897x10-4μm3, we can therefore say that it is roughly 1/979 the size of its E. coli chassis. </p><br />
<br />
<p>Next, the proportions of the individual proteins that assemble into the shell of the BMC were investigated. It is thought that five molecules of the protein pduN form pentamers at each of the icosahedron’s twelve vertices. Therefore, theoretically there should be 60 pduN protein molecules present in a single microcompartment. <br />
PduA, -B, -B’, -J, -K, -T and –U all form hexagonal building blocks which associate into flat sheets to form the triangular faces of the icosahedron. While the single-BMC-domain proteins PduA, -J, -K, and -U form protein hexamers, PduB, -B’, and -T have tandem BMC domains so instead form hexagonal protein trimers. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[4]</b></a> <br />
The centre-to-centre length of two hexagonal sub-units varies but is on average 68Å or 6.8nm. <a href= "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[3]</b></a> Using this value, the surface area of the external face of an individual hexagonal building block, Ah, can be calculated. The total external surface area of the icosahedron, At, can then be used to give the approximate number of hexagonal sub-units, Ht, present in the BMC shell. <br />
</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/dd/Hexagons.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>We already know there are 12 PduN pentamers at the vertices of the icosahedron, so assuming that the total area of a pduN pentamer is similar to that of a hexagonal protein sub-unit, we can say that the total number of pduA, -B, -B’, -J, -K, -T and –U hexagonal sub-units is approximately 1190 – 12 = 1178. The molar ratios of these Pdu proteins in a single BMC are pduA:pduB:pduB’:pduJ:pduK:pduT:pduU = 19.5:11.5:12.5:30.5:2.5:2:3. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[16]</b></a> Taking into account the fact that some Pdu shell proteins form trimers while some form hexamers, the number of molecules of each protein present in the shell of our Sphereactor can be calculated. </p><br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/2/24/Piechart.png"><br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/8/88/Molarratio.jpg"><br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/2/22/Protein_number.jpg"><br />
<br />
<h3>Synthesis of Pdu Proteins</h3><br />
<p>After exploring the structure of our Sphereactor, we next investigated the synthesis of the individual Pdu shell proteins from our synthetic PduABTUNJK operon. In order to express these proteins, the DNA sequence of our PduABTUNJK biobrick is first transcribed into a polycistronic mRNA molecule. This mRNA molecule is then translated into all eight shell proteins, PduA, -B, -B’, -T, -U, -N, -J, and –K by ribosomes.</p><br />
<br />
<p>One hypothesis for the mechanism of translation of our biobrick by ribosomes, is that the translation of a Pdu protein from its sequence on the polycistronic mRNA strand is dependent on the translation of the Pdu protein preceding it on the mRNA. For example, the first ribosome binds at a ribosome binding site (RBS) at the start of the mRNA strand, then moves along the mRNA strand while synthesising the first protein molecule. Only once this first protein molecule has been produced, can translation of the next protein begin, and so on. This might occur in the case where translation of all 8 proteins is carried out by a single ribosome which binds once at the first RBS at the beginning of the mRNA strand and only dissociates upon reaching the end of the last Pdu gene. Alternatively, a ribosome reaching the end of a Pdu gene sequence may somehow activate the RBS of the next Pdu gene, allowing a second ribosome to bind and start translating while the first ribosome dissociates from the mRNA strand.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/1/18/Hyp1.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>This diagram is simplistic in that it shows only one ribosome bound to the mRNA strand. In reality, it is likely that once the first ribosome has vacated the ribosome binding site, a second would bind, and so on. A series of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) consistent with the above diagram can be written to show how the concentrations of the Pdu proteins change with time. First, an ODE was written to represent the change in mRNA concentration with respect to time. For this model, it is assumed that mRNA production, α, is in steady state, and that mRNA has a rate of degradation, kdm. For simplicity, it is also assumed that the production and degradation of mRNA is balanced. The concentration of mRNA therefore remains constant and so its change with respect to time is equal to zero. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/5/51/RNA.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Seven ODEs representing the change in concentration with respect to time for each Pdu protein are shown below. As PduB and PduB’ are translated from the same Pdu gene, they are treated as one protein represented by a single ODE for simplicity in this model.</p><br />
<br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/d8/ODEs.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>We have chosen our parameters, kt (rate of transcription), kd (rate of protein degradation), kdm (rate of mRNA degradation), α (source of mRNA) and K (Michaelis constant), so that the model behaves in a realistic manner. The orders of our parameters fit with approximate rates discussed in literature <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[17]</a></b> and with the order of parameters used in other studies of protein translation<b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"> [18]</a></b>.When the concentration of pduA is in steady state, d[A]/dt = 0. Therefore when [A] is in steady state, [A]ss.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/8/8c/Asteadystate.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Similarly, when [B/B’] is in steady state, [B/B’]ss</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/0/0c/Bsteadystate.jpg"/><br />
<br />
<p>Continuing in this fashion for every Pdu protein in steady state confirms that in order for all of the Pdu proteins to have the same final steady state value, the parameter Ks must be:</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/4/4b/Ks.jpg"/><br />
<br />
<br />
<p>Ks is included so that every protein is synthesised to the same concentration in steady state, as would be expected. Ks is the same for all of the ODEs because kt and kd have also been assumed to be the same for all of the Pdu proteins. </p><br />
<br />
<p>In E.coli, translation of mRNA occurs at a rate of ~20aa/s which corresponds to ~60nuc/s. <b><a href ="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[17]</a></b> The total length of the mRNA transcribed from our PduABTUNJK operon is ~3200 nucleotides. Therefore, the approximate length of time for translation of one mRNA strand to occur is ≈ 3200/60 ≈ 53.3s. We can then say it takes ~53.3/7 ≈ 7.6 seconds to translate one Pdu protein. </p><br />
<br />
<br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/75/Ktkd.jpg"><br />
<br />
<br />
<p>Therefore the length of time to produce kt/kd protein molecules ≈ 7.6 x kt/kd secs<br />
If we then choose kt = 4 min-1 and kd = 0.4 min-1, we have the length of time to produce kt/kd protein molecules ≈ 760s ≈ 12.7mins. Therefore, we expect the Pdu proteins in our model to reach steady state at time ≈ 12.7mins.</p><br />
<br />
<p>This system of ODEs was solved in MATLAB using the ode45solver.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/6/61/Solvertrans.png"><br />
<br />
<p>The above graph shows how the concentration of each Pdu protein changes with respect to time.</p><br />
<br />
<p>This is only one hypothesis for the mechanism of translation of our PduABTUNJK biobrick. Future work could focus on other hypotheses, for example that a ribosome translates 2 or 3 genes before dissociating.</p><br />
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</html></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/File:Piechart.pngFile:Piechart.png2011-10-28T18:06:44Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<div></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/ModellingTeam:Dundee/Modelling2011-10-28T18:04:35Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<h1><a href="/Team:Dundee">The University of Dundee</a></h1><br />
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<h2>Modelling the Sphereactor</h2><br />
<h3>Structure of a Pdu Microcompartment</h3><br />
<p>One approach to modelling we decided to take, was to investigate the structure of a Pdu microcompartment and its size relative to an E.coli chassis. Pdu microcompartments are thought to be very similar structurally to carboxysomes, the microcompartments involved in carbon fixation in autotrophic cyanobacteria and some chemoautotrophic bacteria. Comparisons of shell proteins of carboxysomes and Pdu microcompartments have shown considerable homology, and it is extremely likely that they assemble to form a similar structure. Studies of carboxysomes have shown that they are regular icosahedral structures and it is thought that Pdu microcompartments also assume roughly this shape, with approximate diameter 120nm. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[3]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<p>A regular icosahedron is a polyhedron with twenty equilateral triangular faces, 30 edges, and 12 vertices.<a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[14]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/e/eb/Icosahedron.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Figure 1: A regular icosahedron and its net. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[14]</b></a></p><br />
<br />
<p>For a regular icosahedron, it is possible to calculate values for the circumradius, (Rc, radius of a sphere touching all of an icosahedron’s vertices), inradius (Ri, radius of a sphere inscribed in an icosahedral that touches all of its faces) and midradius (Rm, radius that touches the middle of each edge) as follows: </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/9/9d/Radius_formulae.jpg"><br />
<p>where ‘α’ is the edge length of an icosahedron.</p><br />
<br />
<p>Say the radius = 60nm. Then using the above formula for the midradius, edge length can be calculated as α = 74.1641nm. </p><br />
<br />
<p>The total external surface area of an icosahedron, At, can be found by calculating the area of one equilateral triangular face, Ae, then multiplying by the number of faces.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/3/32/Area.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>An icosahedron is composed of 20 pyramids, each with a height Ri and a base of area Ae. The total volume of the icosahedron, Vt, can be found by calculating the volume of one of these pyramids, Vp, then multiplying by the number of pyramids. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/4/4d/Volume.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>The size of the sphereactor relative to its E. coli chassis was then investigated. The approximate length, L, and diameter, D, of an E. coli cell are 2μm and 0.8μm respectively [15]. If we assume an E. coli cell has a roughly cylindrical structure with two hemispherical ends, the approximate volume of our chassis can be calculated. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/6/6e/E.coliChassis.png"><br />
<br />
<p>As the total volume of our sphereactor, Vt, is approximately 889,970nm3 or 8.8897x10-4μm3, we can therefore say that it is roughly 1/979 the size of its E. coli chassis. </p><br />
<br />
<p>Next, the proportions of the individual proteins that assemble into the shell of the BMC were investigated. It is thought that five molecules of the protein pduN form pentamers at each of the icosahedron’s twelve vertices. Therefore, theoretically there should be 60 pduN protein molecules present in a single microcompartment. <br />
PduA, -B, -B’, -J, -K, -T and –U all form hexagonal building blocks which associate into flat sheets to form the triangular faces of the icosahedron. While the single-BMC-domain proteins PduA, -J, -K, and -U form protein hexamers, PduB, -B’, and -T have tandem BMC domains so instead form hexagonal protein trimers. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[4]</b></a> <br />
The centre-to-centre length of two hexagonal sub-units varies but is on average 68Å or 6.8nm. <a href= "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[3]</b></a> Using this value, the surface area of the external face of an individual hexagonal building block, Ah, can be calculated. The total external surface area of the icosahedron, At, can then be used to give the approximate number of hexagonal sub-units, Ht, present in the BMC shell. <br />
</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/dd/Hexagons.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>We already know there are 12 PduN pentamers at the vertices of the icosahedron, so assuming that the total area of a pduN pentamer is similar to that of a hexagonal protein sub-unit, we can say that the total number of pduA, -B, -B’, -J, -K, -T and –U hexagonal sub-units is approximately 1190 – 12 = 1178. The molar ratios of these Pdu proteins in a single BMC are pduA:pduB:pduB’:pduJ:pduK:pduT:pduU = 19.5:11.5:12.5:30.5:2.5:2:3. <a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"><b>[16]</b></a> Taking into account the fact that some Pdu shell proteins form trimers while some form hexamers, the number of molecules of each protein present in the shell of our Sphereactor can be calculated. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/8/88/Molarratio.jpg"><br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/2/22/Protein_number.jpg"><br />
<br />
<h3>Synthesis of Pdu Proteins</h3><br />
<p>After exploring the structure of our Sphereactor, we next investigated the synthesis of the individual Pdu shell proteins from our synthetic PduABTUNJK operon. In order to express these proteins, the DNA sequence of our PduABTUNJK biobrick is first transcribed into a polycistronic mRNA molecule. This mRNA molecule is then translated into all eight shell proteins, PduA, -B, -B’, -T, -U, -N, -J, and –K by ribosomes.</p><br />
<br />
<p>One hypothesis for the mechanism of translation of our biobrick by ribosomes, is that the translation of a Pdu protein from its sequence on the polycistronic mRNA strand is dependent on the translation of the Pdu protein preceding it on the mRNA. For example, the first ribosome binds at a ribosome binding site (RBS) at the start of the mRNA strand, then moves along the mRNA strand while synthesising the first protein molecule. Only once this first protein molecule has been produced, can translation of the next protein begin, and so on. This might occur in the case where translation of all 8 proteins is carried out by a single ribosome which binds once at the first RBS at the beginning of the mRNA strand and only dissociates upon reaching the end of the last Pdu gene. Alternatively, a ribosome reaching the end of a Pdu gene sequence may somehow activate the RBS of the next Pdu gene, allowing a second ribosome to bind and start translating while the first ribosome dissociates from the mRNA strand.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/1/18/Hyp1.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>This diagram is simplistic in that it shows only one ribosome bound to the mRNA strand. In reality, it is likely that once the first ribosome has vacated the ribosome binding site, a second would bind, and so on. A series of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) consistent with the above diagram can be written to show how the concentrations of the Pdu proteins change with time. First, an ODE was written to represent the change in mRNA concentration with respect to time. For this model, it is assumed that mRNA production, α, is in steady state, and that mRNA has a rate of degradation, kdm. For simplicity, it is also assumed that the production and degradation of mRNA is balanced. The concentration of mRNA therefore remains constant and so its change with respect to time is equal to zero. </p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/5/51/RNA.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Seven ODEs representing the change in concentration with respect to time for each Pdu protein are shown below. As PduB and PduB’ are translated from the same Pdu gene, they are treated as one protein represented by a single ODE for simplicity in this model.</p><br />
<br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/d8/ODEs.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>We have chosen our parameters, kt (rate of transcription), kd (rate of protein degradation), kdm (rate of mRNA degradation), α (source of mRNA) and K (Michaelis constant), so that the model behaves in a realistic manner. The orders of our parameters fit with approximate rates discussed in literature <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[17]</a></b> and with the order of parameters used in other studies of protein translation<b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References"> [18]</a></b>.When the concentration of pduA is in steady state, d[A]/dt = 0. Therefore when [A] is in steady state, [A]ss.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/8/8c/Asteadystate.jpg"><br />
<br />
<p>Similarly, when [B/B’] is in steady state, [B/B’]ss</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/0/0c/Bsteadystate.jpg"/><br />
<br />
<p>Continuing in this fashion for every Pdu protein in steady state confirms that in order for all of the Pdu proteins to have the same final steady state value, the parameter Ks must be:</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/4/4b/Ks.jpg"/><br />
<br />
<br />
<p>Ks is included so that every protein is synthesised to the same concentration in steady state, as would be expected. Ks is the same for all of the ODEs because kt and kd have also been assumed to be the same for all of the Pdu proteins. </p><br />
<br />
<p>In E.coli, translation of mRNA occurs at a rate of ~20aa/s which corresponds to ~60nuc/s. <b><a href ="https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[17]</a></b> The total length of the mRNA transcribed from our PduABTUNJK operon is ~3200 nucleotides. Therefore, the approximate length of time for translation of one mRNA strand to occur is ≈ 3200/60 ≈ 53.3s. We can then say it takes ~53.3/7 ≈ 7.6 seconds to translate one Pdu protein. </p><br />
<br />
<br />
<img src ="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/7/75/Ktkd.jpg"><br />
<br />
<br />
<p>Therefore the length of time to produce kt/kd protein molecules ≈ 7.6 x kt/kd secs<br />
If we then choose kt = 4 min-1 and kd = 0.4 min-1, we have the length of time to produce kt/kd protein molecules ≈ 760s ≈ 12.7mins. Therefore, we expect the Pdu proteins in our model to reach steady state at time ≈ 12.7mins.</p><br />
<br />
<p>This system of ODEs was solved in MATLAB using the ode45solver.</p><br />
<br />
<img src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/6/61/Solvertrans.png"><br />
<br />
<p>The above graph shows how the concentration of each Pdu protein changes with respect to time.</p><br />
<br />
<p>This is only one hypothesis for the mechanism of translation of our PduABTUNJK biobrick. Future work could focus on other hypotheses, for example that a ribosome translates 2 or 3 genes before dissociating.</p><br />
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<p>We are a core DNA sequencing and fragment analysis facility based within the Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit in the College of Life Sciences and serving laboratories within the University of Dundee and elsewhere within the UK.</p><br />
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<p>VWR enables the advancement of the world's most critical research through the distribution of a highly diversified product line to most of the world's top pharmaceutical and biotech companies, as well as industrial, educational and governmental organizations.</p><br />
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<p>Established in 2007, Scottish Universities Life Sciences Alliance (SULSA) is a research pooling partnership between the Universities of Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, St Andrews and Strathclyde that is supported by the Scottish Funding Council.</p><br />
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<p>Nobel Prize winning poet and honorary graduate Seamus Heaney has described the University of Dundee as "having its head in the clouds and its feet firmly on the ground."<br />
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<p>The world’s premier measurement company<br />
When measurement matters, engineers, scientists, manufacturers, businesses, researchers, and government agencies rely on Agilent tools and solutions.</p><br />
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<p>The SARSTEDT Group develops, manufactures and sells equipment and consumables in the field of medicine and research. Ever since it was set up in 1961 the company has continued to grow to the point where it now employs a workforce of 2,500.</p><br />
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<p>We are a global charitable foundation dedicated to achieving extraordinary improvements in human and animal health.<br />
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<h2>Human Practices</h2><br />
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<h3>Topics</h3><br />
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<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#lacking">1. Cooperation is Lacking: <i>collaboration and assistance for St Andrews iGEMMERS</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#safety">2. Safety Concerns.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#skills">.3. Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for iGEMMERS everywhere</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#public">4. An Underengaged Public.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#conclusion">5. Conclusion.</a></p><br />
<br />
<h3>What is “human practices”?</h3><br />
<p>As a team we wanted to analyse and address the society’s relationship with science, and more specifically, synthetic biology. </p><br />
<p>After researching society’s views on synthetic biology we perceived four important problems that we could solve:</p><br />
<p>1. Cooperation between scientists is lacking.</p><br />
<p>2. The public does not perceive synthetic biology to be safe.</p><br />
<p>.3. The key skills required for synthetic biology can be intimidating.</p><br />
<p>4. The general public are not as engaged as they should be.</p><br />
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<a name=”lacking” id = "lacking"><h2>Cooperation is lacking: <i> collaboration with St Andrews</i></h2></a><br />
<p>We believe that cooperation and collaboration are two of the fundamental principles behind the success of synthetic biology. By always keeping these themes at the forefront of our thinking, we could allow them to permeate through our entire project whether it was working directly with another team to reach a common goal, or just making software on multiple platforms to allow more people to use it.</p><br />
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<h3>Eastern iGEM</h3><br />
<p>We were delighted to be able to work closely with the St Andrews iGEM team, who are based just across the Tay Bridge, about 12 miles from Dundee, also on the East coast of Scotland. It was really useful to meet with them and share our experiences. As described later in this section, we worked with them to put on a discussion on the pros and cons of synthetic biology’s place in society to coincide with the World Schools Debating Championships, which were held in Dundee in 2011.</p><br />
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<p>Towards the end of the project we found out that the St Andrews team were having troubles cloning their antimicrobial peptide generator part into the pSB1C3 plasmid. We were pleased to be able to help them troubleshoot their experiments and by working together we were able to successfully clone the part.</p><br />
<br />
<p>The main problem St Andrews were having seemed to be related to the production of new plasmid backbone <i>via</i> PCR with the iGEM specified primer design and specified RFP part. We were able to overcome this problem by carrying out some of their cloning in our lab using their AMP generator and our plasmid backbone which we made by restriction digest of uncut plasmid followed by gel cleanup. While we were doing this St Andrews carried out the same cloning cycle in paralell but using backbone they had generated by PCR. This confirmed that the source of the odd behaviour shown by the St Andrews ligation reactions and by their transformants was likely due to the method of backbone production.</p><br />
<br />
<p>Our troubleshooting experiments led to us being able to provide the St Andrews team with a plate of bacteria containing their part on the desired backbone. Further cooperation between the teams will take place over the coming weeks in order to determine why the PCR based backbone amplification procedure was not working as it should.<br />
It was really great to share our time and resources with them, and we hope there will be a good relationship between the two teams in future iGEM competitions. We wish them the best of luck for the Jamboree.</p><br />
<br />
<h3>Software Advice for other European Teams</h3><br />
<p>Our computer scientists were able to help the TUM iGEM team by offering software advice. Having had difficulties to embed Javascript on their wiki, the TUM team tweeted for assistance. The computer scientists on the Dundee University iGEM team were very happy to help. They tweeted back giving a detailed explanation of what needed to be done. Having followed our advice they tweeted back stating that it was successful. It was interesting to interact with another iGem team we hadn’t met, following the iGEM spirit. We’re excited to meet the team in Amsterdam.</p><br />
<br />
<h3>Submitting Our Parts</h3><br />
<p>When submitting our biobrick parts, we took care to make the parts easily accessible to teams of the future. With new research still carried out into the way the BMC is expressed, and which features are required to form a fully functioning BMC. We hope that by submitting the structural components separately we can encourage other teams to experiment further, for example with the order and composition of the operon. </p><br />
<br />
<a name=”safety” id = "safety"><h2>Safety Concerns</h2></a><br />
<h3>SynBin</h3><br />
<p>We felt the best way to address safety concerns was to evaluate our behaviour in the laboratory, ask ourselves whether it would be acceptable to the general public, and if not, how can we make it more acceptable.</p><br />
<p>This evaluation inspired the “SynBin”, a tool to help future teams share and discuss their accidents (“Syns”). Whether it’s an embarrassing slip or a more serious “Rachelle’s set the lab on fire… again!” all incidents can be posted anonymously in the SynBin’s database. This will allow fellow synthetic biologists to learn from each other’s mistakes and adapt the way they work, creating a safer lab environment for everyone.</p> <br />
<p>By demonstrating how seriously we take health and safety, we can show the public that synthetic biology is being carried out in a safe and controlled environment. We feel that practical solutions like this are the best way forward to a more engaged and accepting public.</p><br />
<p>The SynBin is in late stages of development and we hope for it to go live in the next few weeks.</p><br />
<br />
<a name=”skills” id = "skills"><h2>Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for all</i></h2></a><br />
<h3>Software</h3><br />
<p>One of the first problems any scientist will have on joining the world of synthetic biology is gene cloning. Gene cloning is the method by which DNA molecules can be assembled <i>in vitro</i>, taken up by host cells, and then replicated with the cells as they divide. By speaking with scientists within our building, and by noting the problems we encountered while working, we realised that cloning can be quite intimidating!</p><br />
<p>Two problems we encountered, by no means all, with cloning were as follows:</p><br />
<p>• Different organisms use codons differently. </p><br />
<p>• Making PCR primers is confusing.</p><br />
<br />
<h3>Gene Synthesiser</h3><br />
<p>Many synthetic biology projects involve the heterologous expression of foreign genes in a host such as <i>E. coli</i>/<i>S. cerevisiae</i> etc. For successful and efficient translation, the codon usage of the newly introduced gene must be optimised to match the tRNA pool of the host organism. However, if one simply picked the most common codon for each amino acid, the rate of translation would be extremely fast across the entire gene. This may lead to subtle characteristics of translation being lost. For example, it has been suggested that in certain regions of the gene, the source organism may ‘choose’ a short run of rare codons, in order to slow down translation in that region. This slowing of the emerging polypeptide from the ribosome has been suggested to facilitate the correct folding of the heterologous protein and/or allow time for the insertion of essential co-factors [19]. These regions of "slow" translation, may occur in loops between different domains of the protein. It may be therefore important for certain genes, to maintain this pattern of fast to slow translation in the target organism.</p><br />
<p>“Gene Synthesiser” is a java application that makes this possible by enabling codon usage pattern matching. The application analyses the patterns of codon usage of the gene that one wants to express, in its native organism and generates new synthetic DNA sequence, optimised for the codon usage of the new target organism, yet matching any patterns of rare to common codons. Gene Synthesiser utilises codon usage data for over 35000 organisms. <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[20]</a></b>.</p><br />
<p>To try the Gene Synthesiser for yourself click <a href = "http://www.dave-gibson.net/projects/genesynthesis"><b>HERE</b> </a></p><br />
<p>We also designed a number of mobile applications (Apps). With the development of smart phones, there is now a demand for simple efficient programs that can aid carrying out everyday tasks.</p><br />
<br />
<h3>The Lazy Scientist</h3><br />
<p>The Lazy Scientist is a translation tool. The app has a number of functions including DNA to amino acid translation, back translation, reverse, complement and reverse complement. The app also contains a genetic codon lookup table allowing all corresponding codons for an amino acid to be looked up. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.<p><br />
<br />
<h3>Gene Slicer/Gene Cutter</h3><br />
<p>The Gene Cutter (iPhone app) and The Gene Slicer (Android app) are DNA cutting tools. The apps have two functions to help restriction mapping of nucleotide sequences. The apps are able to search a sequence for a specific enzyme and can also return a list of enzymes not present in the sequence. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.</p><br />
<p>To date there have been over <b>1200 downloads</b> from all over the world. Making apps will increase the accessibility of synthetic biology, allowing scientists to have portable tools to aid them in synthetic biology wherever they are.</p><br />
<br />
<a name=”public” id = "public"><h2>An Unengaged Public</h2></a><br />
<h3>A Panel Discussion at the 2011 World School Debating Chapionships</h3><br />
<p>To try to engage members of the public, we collaborated with St Andrews iGEM to organise a debate/discussion to coincide with the World School Debating Dhampionships (WSDC). The WSDC is an annual global event with High School students from different cultures and backgrounds, competing and debating on current issues. The WSDC has been an annual competition since 1988 and has been hosted in exotic locations around the world such as Sydney, Lima and Singapore. This year it was held in Dundee, Scotland. In the past, the Championships have had Nelson Mandela and Tony Blair participating as patrons.</p><br />
<p>We felt that the aims and objectives of the WSDC which focus on international understanding would be a good incentive for us to introduce and encourage interest in the relatively controversial field of synthetic biology. Many of the participating WSDC students are potential leaders. The knowledge of Synthetic Biology would be advantageous to future global decisions. By being able to link politics and Synthetic Biology, political promotion of the subject can greatly be enhanced and Synthetic Biology can have a larger beneficial role.</p><br />
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<p>After having decided to collaborate with the iGEM team of St Andrews, we set up a meeting where both teams and Jon Urch, of Revealing Research Dundee, brainstormed ideas for the event. Our first plan was a panel debate, where we would first give a short introduction on synthetic biology (giving a description of synthetic biology and discussing its benefits and limitations) and then allow the students to perform a debate. After lots of discussion we chose to give a longer presentation and then have an open discussion where both the St Andrews and Dundee team form a panel where the audience could direct questions and/or discuss among themselves. In the meetings prior to the discussion, we chose to divide the presentation into two parts: the positive and the negative aspects of Synthetic Biology. The responsibility of the negative aspects was held by the St Andrews team while we prepared for the introduction and discussing the benefits of Synthetic Biology.</p><br />
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<p>On the 21st of August 2011 we held the discussion on Synthetic Biology at The Union in The University of Dundee. At the beginning of our presentation, the audience was asked if they knew anything about synthetic biology and what their opinion regarding it was. Only one person in the audience said that they were opposed to Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
<br />
<h3>The Arguments</h3><br />
<p>Synthetic Biology is hard to define, even scientist struggle with the definition. We thus began our presentation by showing what synthetic biology may be defined as. The following definition was used: “ (a) the design and fabrication of biological components and systems that do not already exist in the natural world (b) the re-design and fabrication of existing biological systems” (source: http://syntheticbiology.org/FAQ.html).</p><br />
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<p>Though to describe Synthetic Biology as engineering is a controversial matter, as Simon Munnery says “The engineering equivalent of genetic engineering is to get a bunch of concrete and steel, throw it into a river, and if you can walk across, call it a bridge”. We also thought we would briefly explain in our introduction, how the concept of Synthetic Biology worked; explaining how we use bacterial DNA to give a different function to yeast, and the basic concept of biobricks. We introduced what iGEM was, its goals and past projects, such as the arsenic biosensor. We proceeded to discuss the influence of media and public perception in Synthetic Biology. Breakthroughs such as the organism designed from scratch by Craig Venter has lead to a lot of worry in the general public that scientists are tampering with life. It is mostly fear and lack of understanding, which will slow down the development of useful products through Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<p>The rest of the presentation was used to explain the benefits of Synthetic Biology in more detail. Synthetic Biology is unique in it being able to design and create a product which can suit a specific need. There are many areas in which this would be useful. Synthetic Biology is applicable in renewable energy where research into bio alcohols, photosynthetic algae and hydrogen fuel is looking to solve the global dependence on fossil fuels and reducing damaging emissions. Synthetic Biology has in the past been used to create effective medicines, such recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin from bacteria. Cheaper pharmaceuticals to treat malaria are also being designed and tested by the use of Synthetic Biology. In the future synthetic biology might be able to produce personalized medicine. The use of Synthetic Biology extends even further. Agriculture and environment protection can be substantially improved. </p><br />
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<p>Synthetic biologists are testing disease resistant and high yield plants. These can be complemented with environmentally friendly and safe micro-organism which can reduce water dependence and eliminate chemical fertilizers. They are using experiments that entail combining metabolic components from different organism to improve nutritional components in plants, like increased amounts of food grade protein. This could be a great and efficient way to help famine stricken areas. In addition, Scientists are also looking into naturally occurring oil-devouring micro-organisms which can help in developing new methods to reduce pollution. Natural occurring and environmentally friendly “Wetting agents” or biosurfactant’s produced by bacteria, yeasts or fungi, are potential solutions to damage from pollutants. Synthetic Biologists may be able to isolate the constituent of biosurfactants produced from a microbe and design them to clean up precise locations of a spill or polluted area.</p><br />
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<p>Another relevant example is the use of synthetic bio-films to be used as environmental biosensors. These could be beneficial for sensing nutrient quality or areas of environmental degradation in the soil. </p><br />
<p>The presentation ended with a quote from Alistair Elfick of the University of Edinburgh:</p><br />
<p>“It is envisaged that synthetic biology may be able to contribute to resolving many of the challenges facing us in the 21st Century. The potential applications are immense. We can make devices to produce fuel or animal food from our waste; we can make devices to soak up carbon from the atmosphere and lock it away; we can make devices to synthesise plastics without the need to use oil; we can make devices to sense pollutants; we can make devices to create new drugs. Indeed, synthetic biology holds huge potential to impact positively on our daily lives.” (source: http://www.synbiostandards.co.uk/about_synbio.php) </p><br />
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<p>The second part of the presentation was handed over to the St Andrews team who outlined and discussed the negative aspects and limitations of synthetic biology.<br />
St Andrews began by discussing the role of bioterrorism within synthetic biology. Explaining that since the open source approach used in Synthetic Biology can be used by anyone, it is possible to create a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. The example used here was the assembly of Polio from mail order oligonucleotides. Other potential harmful effects include any organism that escapes the lab into the environment. The consequences of this are potentially dangerous. The bacteria could either colonize people causing harmful effects or even be lethal. In addition, the bacteria could potentially out compete other natural flora. This danger stresses the need for scientists to test their synthetic bacteria in the open environment. For example, the arsenic sensor that was produced by an iGEM team needs to be used in an open environment in order to fulfill its use. There is a possibility here that the bacteria becomes endemic in the environment during the test, causing lethal or severe damage to animals, plants or humans before one could destroy the bacteria. The St Andrews team then proceeded to discuss the ethical duty and responsibility of GEMs. Questions such as who defines what life is, and whether scientists alone should define life, were discussed by St Andrews. The controversial concept of scientist playing god through synthetic biology was discussed, emphasizing the issue that scientist might end up modifying biological systems before they properly understand them. Dual-use dilemma was discussed in which the nuclear fission experiments in 20th Century was used as an example. </p><br />
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<p>St Andrews used the last part of their presentation to explain that though these issues are pressing there are many ways that they can be prevented. It is foremost, for scientist worldwide to be primarily concerned with the protection of the public. In actual fact Bioterrorism is realistically not a big threat because there are large amounts of resources required to synthesize and produce a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. In addition, the risk of colonization of synthetic bacteria is also very small, as they would most likely be out competed by their naturally occurring counterparts in an open environment. Using the kill switch (which the St Andrews iGEM team 2011 has built) as an example, cell level safeguards, along with laboratory protocols and transportation procedures can be tailored to substantially eliminate any big threat in Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Response</h3><br />
<p>A lot of interesting questions were raised after the presentations. Among them where issues on patenting, and someone had read an inaccurate representation of a scientific discovery/breakthrough in the press. The Dundee team emphasized the danger of incorrect coverage of science in the media. There was a suggestion that Synthetic Biology could have a fact check website, like politics have, where journalists could evaluate the credibility of media’s coverage on a topic.</p><br />
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<p><a href = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2011/d/d9/Dundee_iGEM_Debate.pdf"> <b>View our Debate Information and Powerpoint Presentation</b></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:St_Andrews/debate"><b>View Debate Information and Powerpoint Presentations Here at our Friends' wiki</b></a> </p><br />
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<h3>University of Dundee Open Day: 12th November 2011</h3><br />
<p>To conclude our human practices project the team will take part in a university wide open day in November. We will use an iGEM stand to explain the vision of synthetic biology and clarify any myths surrounding the area. A short demonstration will be used to explain our project and the potential of the Sphereactor. Using the concerns and questions that were raised during the discussion portion of the debate. The stand will be present throughout the whole of the open day providing an opportunity to speak to a large number of people with an active interest in science. The open day is more than just an opportunity to educate people about synthetic biology. We feel that it fits into our program of offering solutions rather than just philosophically wondering about the state of synthetic biology. By using university open days, we will target a group of inquisitive and interested people. We believe this will be a more effective marketing campaign than wider focus events that broadly target the community in a context were people are not specifically interested in the subject. The solution of working with an engaged public and then further using this to spread information is a valuable bridging system between the scientific community and the general public.</p> <br />
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<a name=”conclusion” id = "conclusion"><h2>Conclusion</h2></a><br />
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<p>Our main aim was to address problems in a practical manner while laying groundwork for future iGEM teams to develop on. Only by understanding and embracing these associated problems can we come up with long-term solutions. We feel that the Dundee University iGEM team has made a number of novel steps in the right direction, better defining the purpose of human practices while solidifying the its place within all aspects of synthetic biology.</p><br />
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</html></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/File:Dundee_iGEM_Debate.pdfFile:Dundee iGEM Debate.pdf2011-09-21T21:52:33Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<div></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/HumanPracticesTeam:Dundee/HumanPractices2011-09-21T21:48:37Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<h1><a href="/Team:Dundee">The University of Dundee</a></h1><br />
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<h2>Human Practices</h2><br />
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<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#lacking">1. Cooperation is Lacking: <i>collaboration and assistance for St Andrews iGEMMERS</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#safety">2. Safety Concerns.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#skills">.3. Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for iGEMMERS everywhere</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#public">4. An Underengaged Public.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#conclusion">5. Conclusion.</a></p><br />
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<h3>What is “human practices”?</h3><br />
<p>As a team we wanted to analyse and address the society’s relationship with science, and more specifically, synthetic biology. </p><br />
<p>After researching society’s views on synthetic biology we perceived four important problems that we could solve:</p><br />
<p>1. Cooperation between scientists is lacking.</p><br />
<p>2. The public does not perceive synthetic biology to be safe.</p><br />
<p>.3. The key skills required for synthetic biology can be intimidating.</p><br />
<p>4. The general public are not as engaged as they should be.</p><br />
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<a name=”lacking” id = "lacking"><h2>Cooperation is lacking: <i> collaboration with St Andrews</i></h2></a><br />
<p>We believe that cooperation and collaboration are two of the fundamental principles behind the success of synthetic biology. By always keeping these themes at the forefront of our thinking, we could allow them to permeate through our entire project whether it was working directly with another team to reach a common goal, or just making software on multiple platforms to allow more people to use it.</p><br />
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<h3>Eastern iGEM</h3><br />
<p>We were delighted to be able to work closely with the St Andrews iGEM team, who are based just across the Tay Bridge, about 12 miles from Dundee, also on the East coast of Scotland. It was really useful to meet with them and share our experiences. As described later in this section, we worked with them to put on a discussion on the pros and cons of synthetic biology’s place in society to coincide with the World Schools Debating Championships, which were held in Dundee in 2011.</p><br />
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<p>Towards the end of the project we found out that the St Andrews team were having troubles cloning their antimicrobial peptide generator part into the pSB1C3 plasmid. We were pleased to be able to help them troubleshoot their experiments and by working together we were able to successfully clone the part.</p><br />
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<p>The main problem St Andrews were having seemed to be related to the production of new plasmid backbone <i>via</i> PCR with the iGEM specified primer design and specified RFP part. We were able to overcome this problem by carrying out some of their cloning in our lab using their AMP generator and our plasmid backbone which we made by restriction digest of uncut plasmid followed by gel cleanup. While we were doing this St Andrews carried out the same cloning cycle in paralell but using backbone they had generated by PCR. This confirmed that the source of the odd behaviour shown by the St Andrews ligation reactions and by their transformants was likely due to the method of backbone production.</p><br />
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<p>Our troubleshooting experiments led to us being able to provide the St Andrews team with a plate of bacteria containing their part on the desired backbone. Further cooperation between the teams will take place over the coming weeks in order to determine why the PCR based backbone amplification procedure was not working as it should.<br />
It was really great to share our time and resources with them, and we hope there will be a good relationship between the two teams in future iGEM competitions. We wish them the best of luck for the Jamboree.</p><br />
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<h3>Software Advice for other European Teams</h3><br />
<p>Our computer scientists were able to help the TUM iGEM team by offering software advice. Having had difficulties to embed Javascript on their wiki, the TUM team tweeted for assistance. The computer scientists on the Dundee University iGEM team were very happy to help. They tweeted back giving a detailed explanation of what needed to be done. Having followed our advice they tweeted back stating that it was successful. It was interesting to interact with another iGem team we hadn’t met, following the iGEM spirit. We’re excited to meet the team in Amsterdam.</p><br />
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<h3>Submitting Our Parts</h3><br />
<p>When submitting our biobrick parts, we took care to make the parts easily accessible to teams of the future. With new research still carried out into the way the BMC is expressed, and which features are required to form a fully functioning BMC. We hope that by submitting the structural components separately we can encourage other teams to experiment further, for example with the order and composition of the operon. </p><br />
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<a name=”safety” id = "safety"><h2>Safety Concerns</h2></a><br />
<h3>SynBin</h3><br />
<p>We felt the best way to address safety concerns was to evaluate our behaviour in the laboratory, ask ourselves whether it would be acceptable to the general public, and if not, how can we make it more acceptable.</p><br />
<p>This evaluation inspired the “SynBin”, a tool to help future teams share and discuss their accidents (“Syns”). Whether it’s an embarrassing slip or a more serious “Rachelle’s set the lab on fire… again!” all incidents can be posted anonymously in the SynBin’s database. This will allow fellow synthetic biologists to learn from each other’s mistakes and adapt the way they work, creating a safer lab environment for everyone.</p> <br />
<p>By demonstrating how seriously we take health and safety, we can show the public that synthetic biology is being carried out in a safe and controlled environment. We feel that practical solutions like this are the best way forward to a more engaged and accepting public.</p><br />
<p>The SynBin is in late stages of development and we hope for it to go live in the next few weeks.</p><br />
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<a name=”skills” id = "skills"><h2>Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for all</i></h2></a><br />
<h3>Software</h3><br />
<p>One of the first problems any scientist will have on joining the world of synthetic biology is gene cloning. Gene cloning is the method by which DNA molecules can be assembled <i>in vitro</i>, taken up by host cells, and then replicated with the cells as they divide. By speaking with scientists within our building, and by noting the problems we encountered while working, we realised that cloning can be quite intimidating!</p><br />
<p>Two problems we encountered, by no means all, with cloning were as follows:</p><br />
<p>• Different organisms use codons differently. </p><br />
<p>• Making PCR primers is confusing.</p><br />
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<h3>Gene Synthesiser</h3><br />
<p>Many synthetic biology projects involve the heterologous expression of foreign genes in a host such as <i>E. coli</i>/<i>S. cerevisiae</i> etc. For successful and efficient translation, the codon usage of the newly introduced gene must be optimised to match the tRNA pool of the host organism. However, if one simply picked the most common codon for each amino acid, the rate of translation would be extremely fast across the entire gene. This may lead to subtle characteristics of translation being lost. For example, it has been suggested that in certain regions of the gene, the source organism may ‘choose’ a short run of rare codons, in order to slow down translation in that region. This slowing of the emerging polypeptide from the ribosome has been suggested to facilitate the correct folding of the heterologous protein and/or allow time for the insertion of essential co-factors [19]. These regions of "slow" translation, may occur in loops between different domains of the protein. It may be therefore important for certain genes, to maintain this pattern of fast to slow translation in the target organism.</p><br />
<p>“Gene Synthesiser” is a java application that makes this possible by enabling codon usage pattern matching. The application analyses the patterns of codon usage of the gene that one wants to express, in its native organism and generates new synthetic DNA sequence, optimised for the codon usage of the new target organism, yet matching any patterns of rare to common codons. Gene Synthesiser utilises codon usage data for over 35000 organisms. <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[20]</a></b>.</p><br />
<p>To try the Gene Synthesiser for yourself click <a href = "http://www.dave-gibson.net/projects/genesynthesis"><b>HERE</b> </a></p><br />
<p>We also designed a number of mobile applications (Apps). With the development of smart phones, there is now a demand for simple efficient programs that can aid carrying out everyday tasks.</p><br />
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<h3>The Lazy Scientist</h3><br />
<p>The Lazy Scientist is a translation tool. The app has a number of functions including DNA to amino acid translation, back translation, reverse, complement and reverse complement. The app also contains a genetic codon lookup table allowing all corresponding codons for an amino acid to be looked up. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.<p><br />
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<h3>Gene Slicer/Gene Cutter</h3><br />
<p>The Gene Cutter (iPhone app) and The Gene Slicer (Android app) are DNA cutting tools. The apps have two functions to help restriction mapping of nucleotide sequences. The apps are able to search a sequence for a specific enzyme and can also return a list of enzymes not present in the sequence. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.</p><br />
<p>To date there have been over <b>1200 downloads</b> from all over the world. Making apps will increase the accessibility of synthetic biology, allowing scientists to have portable tools to aid them in synthetic biology wherever they are.</p><br />
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<a name=”public” id = "public"><h2>An Unengaged Public</h2></a><br />
<h3>A Panel Discussion at the 2011 World School Debating Chapionships</h3><br />
<p>To try to engage members of the public, we collaborated with St Andrews iGEM to organise a debate/discussion to coincide with the World School Debating Dhampionships (WSDC). The WSDC is an annual global event with High School students from different cultures and backgrounds, competing and debating on current issues. The WSDC has been an annual competition since 1988 and has been hosted in exotic locations around the world such as Sydney, Lima and Singapore. This year it was held in Dundee, Scotland. In the past, the Championships have had Nelson Mandela and Tony Blair participating as patrons.</p><br />
<p>We felt that the aims and objectives of the WSDC which focus on international understanding would be a good incentive for us to introduce and encourage interest in the relatively controversial field of synthetic biology. Many of the participating WSDC students are potential leaders. The knowledge of Synthetic Biology would be advantageous to future global decisions. By being able to link politics and Synthetic Biology, political promotion of the subject can greatly be enhanced and Synthetic Biology can have a larger beneficial role.</p><br />
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<p>After having decided to collaborate with the iGEM team of St Andrews, we set up a meeting where both teams and Jon Urch, of Revealing Research Dundee, brainstormed ideas for the event. Our first plan was a panel debate, where we would first give a short introduction on synthetic biology (giving a description of synthetic biology and discussing its benefits and limitations) and then allow the students to perform a debate. After lots of discussion we chose to give a longer presentation and then have an open discussion where both the St Andrews and Dundee team form a panel where the audience could direct questions and/or discuss among themselves. In the meetings prior to the discussion, we chose to divide the presentation into two parts: the positive and the negative aspects of Synthetic Biology. The responsibility of the negative aspects was held by the St Andrews team while we prepared for the introduction and discussing the benefits of Synthetic Biology.</p><br />
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<p>On the 21st of August 2011 we held the discussion on Synthetic Biology at The Union in The University of Dundee. At the beginning of our presentation, the audience was asked if they knew anything about synthetic biology and what their opinion regarding it was. Only one person in the audience said that they were opposed to Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Arguments</h3><br />
<p>Synthetic Biology is hard to define, even scientist struggle with the definition. We thus began our presentation by showing what synthetic biology may be defined as. The following definition was used: “ (a) the design and fabrication of biological components and systems that do not already exist in the natural world (b) the re-design and fabrication of existing biological systems” (source: http://syntheticbiology.org/FAQ.html).</p><br />
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<p>Though to describe Synthetic Biology as engineering is a controversial matter, as Simon Munnery says “The engineering equivalent of genetic engineering is to get a bunch of concrete and steel, throw it into a river, and if you can walk across, call it a bridge”. We also thought we would briefly explain in our introduction, how the concept of Synthetic Biology worked; explaining how we use bacterial DNA to give a different function to yeast, and the basic concept of biobricks. We introduced what iGEM was, its goals and past projects, such as the arsenic biosensor. We proceeded to discuss the influence of media and public perception in Synthetic Biology. Breakthroughs such as the organism designed from scratch by Craig Venter has lead to a lot of worry in the general public that scientists are tampering with life. It is mostly fear and lack of understanding, which will slow down the development of useful products through Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<p>The rest of the presentation was used to explain the benefits of Synthetic Biology in more detail. Synthetic Biology is unique in it being able to design and create a product which can suit a specific need. There are many areas in which this would be useful. Synthetic Biology is applicable in renewable energy where research into bio alcohols, photosynthetic algae and hydrogen fuel is looking to solve the global dependence on fossil fuels and reducing damaging emissions. Synthetic Biology has in the past been used to create effective medicines, such recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin from bacteria. Cheaper pharmaceuticals to treat malaria are also being designed and tested by the use of Synthetic Biology. In the future synthetic biology might be able to produce personalized medicine. The use of Synthetic Biology extends even further. Agriculture and environment protection can be substantially improved. </p><br />
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<p>Synthetic biologists are testing disease resistant and high yield plants. These can be complemented with environmentally friendly and safe micro-organism which can reduce water dependence and eliminate chemical fertilizers. They are using experiments that entail combining metabolic components from different organism to improve nutritional components in plants, like increased amounts of food grade protein. This could be a great and efficient way to help famine stricken areas. In addition, Scientists are also looking into naturally occurring oil-devouring micro-organisms which can help in developing new methods to reduce pollution. Natural occurring and environmentally friendly “Wetting agents” or biosurfactant’s produced by bacteria, yeasts or fungi, are potential solutions to damage from pollutants. Synthetic Biologists may be able to isolate the constituent of biosurfactants produced from a microbe and design them to clean up precise locations of a spill or polluted area.</p><br />
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<p>Another relevant example is the use of synthetic bio-films to be used as environmental biosensors. These could be beneficial for sensing nutrient quality or areas of environmental degradation in the soil. </p><br />
<p>The presentation ended with a quote from Alistair Elfick of the University of Edinburgh:</p><br />
<p>“It is envisaged that synthetic biology may be able to contribute to resolving many of the challenges facing us in the 21st Century. The potential applications are immense. We can make devices to produce fuel or animal food from our waste; we can make devices to soak up carbon from the atmosphere and lock it away; we can make devices to synthesise plastics without the need to use oil; we can make devices to sense pollutants; we can make devices to create new drugs. Indeed, synthetic biology holds huge potential to impact positively on our daily lives.” (source: http://www.synbiostandards.co.uk/about_synbio.php) </p><br />
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<p>The second part of the presentation was handed over to the St Andrews team who outlined and discussed the negative aspects and limitations of synthetic biology.<br />
St Andrews began by discussing the role of bioterrorism within synthetic biology. Explaining that since the open source approach used in Synthetic Biology can be used by anyone, it is possible to create a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. The example used here was the assembly of Polio from mail order oligonucleotides. Other potential harmful effects include any organism that escapes the lab into the environment. The consequences of this are potentially dangerous. The bacteria could either colonize people causing harmful effects or even be lethal. In addition, the bacteria could potentially out compete other natural flora. This danger stresses the need for scientists to test their synthetic bacteria in the open environment. For example, the arsenic sensor that was produced by an iGEM team needs to be used in an open environment in order to fulfill its use. There is a possibility here that the bacteria becomes endemic in the environment during the test, causing lethal or severe damage to animals, plants or humans before one could destroy the bacteria. The St Andrews team then proceeded to discuss the ethical duty and responsibility of GEMs. Questions such as who defines what life is, and whether scientists alone should define life, were discussed by St Andrews. The controversial concept of scientist playing god through synthetic biology was discussed, emphasizing the issue that scientist might end up modifying biological systems before they properly understand them. Dual-use dilemma was discussed in which the nuclear fission experiments in 20th Century was used as an example. </p><br />
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<p>St Andrews used the last part of their presentation to explain that though these issues are pressing there are many ways that they can be prevented. It is foremost, for scientist worldwide to be primarily concerned with the protection of the public. In actual fact Bioterrorism is realistically not a big threat because there are large amounts of resources required to synthesize and produce a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. In addition, the risk of colonization of synthetic bacteria is also very small, as they would most likely be out competed by their naturally occurring counterparts in an open environment. Using the kill switch (which the St Andrews iGEM team 2011 has built) as an example, cell level safeguards, along with laboratory protocols and transportation procedures can be tailored to substantially eliminate any big threat in Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Response</h3><br />
<p>A lot of interesting questions were raised after the presentations. Among them where issues on patenting, and someone had read an inaccurate representation of a scientific discovery/breakthrough in the press. The Dundee team emphasized the danger of incorrect coverage of science in the media. There was a suggestion that Synthetic Biology could have a fact check website, like politics have, where journalists could evaluate the credibility of media’s coverage on a topic.</p><br />
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<p><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:St_Andrews/debate"><b>View Debate Information and Powerpoint Presentations Here at our Friends' wiki</b></a> </p><br />
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<h3>University of Dundee Open Day: 12th November 2011</h3><br />
<p>To conclude our human practices project the team will take part in a university wide open day in November. We will use an iGEM stand to explain the vision of synthetic biology and clarify any myths surrounding the area. A short demonstration will be used to explain our project and the potential of the Sphereactor. Using the concerns and questions that were raised during the discussion portion of the debate. The stand will be present throughout the whole of the open day providing an opportunity to speak to a large number of people with an active interest in science. The open day is more than just an opportunity to educate people about synthetic biology. We feel that it fits into our program of offering solutions rather than just philosophically wondering about the state of synthetic biology. By using university open days, we will target a group of inquisitive and interested people. We believe this will be a more effective marketing campaign than wider focus events that broadly target the community in a context were people are not specifically interested in the subject. The solution of working with an engaged public and then further using this to spread information is a valuable bridging system between the scientific community and the general public.</p> <br />
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<a name=”conclusion” id = "conclusion"><h2>Conclusion</h2></a><br />
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<p>Our main aim was to address problems in a practical manner while laying groundwork for future iGEM teams to develop on. Only by understanding and embracing these associated problems can we come up with long-term solutions. We feel that the Dundee University iGEM team has made a number of novel steps in the right direction, better defining the purpose of human practices while solidifying the its place within all aspects of synthetic biology.</p><br />
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</html></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/HumanPracticesTeam:Dundee/HumanPractices2011-09-21T21:47:52Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<h1><a href="/Team:Dundee">The University of Dundee</a></h1><br />
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<h2>Human Practices</h2><br />
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<h3>Topics</h3><br />
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<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#lacking">1. Cooperation is Lacking: <i>collaboration and assistance for St Andrews iGEMMERS</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#safety">2. Safety Concerns.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#skills">.3. Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for iGEMMERS everywhere</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#public">4. An Underengaged Public.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#conclusion">5. Conclusion.</a></p><br />
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<h3>What is “human practices”?</h3><br />
<p>As a team we wanted to analyse and address the society’s relationship with science, and more specifically, synthetic biology. </p><br />
<p>After researching society’s views on synthetic biology we perceived four important problems that we could solve:</p><br />
<p>1. Cooperation between scientists is lacking.</p><br />
<p>2. The public does not perceive synthetic biology to be safe.</p><br />
<p>.3. The key skills required for synthetic biology can be intimidating.</p><br />
<p>4. The general public are not as engaged as they should be.</p><br />
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<a name=”lacking” id = "lacking"><h2>Cooperation is lacking: <i> collaboration with St Andrews</i></h2></a><br />
<p>We believe that cooperation and collaboration are two of the fundamental principles behind the success of synthetic biology. By always keeping these themes at the forefront of our thinking, we could allow them to permeate through our entire project whether it was working directly with another team to reach a common goal, or just making software on multiple platforms to allow more people to use it.</p><br />
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<h3>Eastern iGEM</h3><br />
<p>We were delighted to be able to work closely with the St Andrews iGEM team, who are based just across the Tay Bridge, about 12 miles from Dundee, also on the East coast of Scotland. It was really useful to meet with them and share our experiences. As described later in this section, we worked with them to put on a discussion on the pros and cons of synthetic biology’s place in society to coincide with the World Schools Debating Championships, which were held in Dundee in 2011.</p><br />
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<p>Towards the end of the project we found out that the St Andrews team were having troubles cloning their antimicrobial peptide generator part into the pSB1C3 plasmid. We were pleased to be able to help them troubleshoot their experiments and by working together we were able to successfully clone the part.</p><br />
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<p>The main problem St Andrews were having seemed to be related to the production of new plasmid backbone <i>via</i> PCR with the iGEM specified primer design and specified RFP part. We were able to overcome this problem by carrying out some of their cloning in our lab using their AMP generator and our plasmid backbone which we made by restriction digest of uncut plasmid followed by gel cleanup. While we were doing this St Andrews carried out the same cloning cycle in paralell but using backbone they had generated by PCR. This confirmed that the source of the odd behaviour shown by the St Andrews ligation reactions and by their transformants was likely due to the method of backbone production.</p><br />
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<p>Our troubleshooting experiments led to us being able to provide the St Andrews team with a plate of bacteria containing their part on the desired backbone. Further cooperation between the teams will take place over the coming weeks in order to determine why the PCR based backbone amplification procedure was not working as it should.<br />
It was really great to share our time and resources with them, and we hope there will be a good relationship between the two teams in future iGEM competitions. We wish them the best of luck for the Jamboree.</p><br />
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<h3>Software Advice for other European Teams</h3><br />
<p>Our computer scientists were able to help the TUM iGEM team by offering software advice. Having had difficulties to embed Javascript on their wiki, the TUM team tweeted for assistance. The computer scientists on the Dundee University iGEM team were very happy to help. They tweeted back giving a detailed explanation of what needed to be done. Having followed our advice they tweeted back stating that it was successful. It was interesting to interact with another iGem team we hadn’t met, following the iGEM spirit. We’re excited to meet the team in Amsterdam.</p><br />
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<h3>Submitting Our Parts</h3><br />
<p>When submitting our biobrick parts, we took care to make the parts easily accessible to teams of the future. With new research still carried out into the way the BMC is expressed, and which features are required to form a fully functioning BMC. We hope that by submitting the structural components separately we can encourage other teams to experiment further, for example with the order and composition of the operon. </p><br />
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<a name=”safety” id = "safety"><h2>Safety Concerns</h2></a><br />
<h3>SynBin</h3><br />
<p>We felt the best way to address safety concerns was to evaluate our behaviour in the laboratory, ask ourselves whether it would be acceptable to the general public, and if not, how can we make it more acceptable.</p><br />
<p>This evaluation inspired the “SynBin”, a tool to help future teams share and discuss their accidents (“Syns”). Whether it’s an embarrassing slip or a more serious “Rachelle’s set the lab on fire… again!” all incidents can be posted anonymously in the SynBin’s database. This will allow fellow synthetic biologists to learn from each other’s mistakes and adapt the way they work, creating a safer lab environment for everyone.</p> <br />
<p>By demonstrating how seriously we take health and safety, we can show the public that synthetic biology is being carried out in a safe and controlled environment. We feel that practical solutions like this are the best way forward to a more engaged and accepting public.</p><br />
<p>The SynBin is in late stages of development and we hope for it to go live in the next few weeks.</p><br />
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<a name=”skills” id = "skills"><h2>Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for all</i></h2></a><br />
<h3>Software</h3><br />
<p>One of the first problems any scientist will have on joining the world of synthetic biology is gene cloning. Gene cloning is the method by which DNA molecules can be assembled <i>in vitro</i>, taken up by host cells, and then replicated with the cells as they divide. By speaking with scientists within our building, and by noting the problems we encountered while working, we realised that cloning can be quite intimidating!</p><br />
<p>Two problems we encountered, by no means all, with cloning were as follows:</p><br />
<p>• Different organisms use codons differently. </p><br />
<p>• Making PCR primers is confusing.</p><br />
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<h3>Gene Synthesiser</h3><br />
<p>Many synthetic biology projects involve the heterologous expression of foreign genes in a host such as <i>E. coli</i>/<i>S. cerevisiae</i> etc. For successful and efficient translation, the codon usage of the newly introduced gene must be optimised to match the tRNA pool of the host organism. However, if one simply picked the most common codon for each amino acid, the rate of translation would be extremely fast across the entire gene. This may lead to subtle characteristics of translation being lost. For example, it has been suggested that in certain regions of the gene, the source organism may ‘choose’ a short run of rare codons, in order to slow down translation in that region. This slowing of the emerging polypeptide from the ribosome has been suggested to facilitate the correct folding of the heterologous protein and/or allow time for the insertion of essential co-factors [19]. These regions of "slow" translation, may occur in loops between different domains of the protein. It may be therefore important for certain genes, to maintain this pattern of fast to slow translation in the target organism.</p><br />
<p>“Gene Synthesiser” is a java application that makes this possible by enabling codon usage pattern matching. The application analyses the patterns of codon usage of the gene that one wants to express, in its native organism and generates new synthetic DNA sequence, optimised for the codon usage of the new target organism, yet matching any patterns of rare to common codons. Gene Synthesiser utilises codon usage data for over 35000 organisms. <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[20]</a></b>.</p><br />
<p>To try the Gene Synthesiser for yourself click <a href = "http://www.dave-gibson.net/projects/genesynthesis"><b>HERE</b> </a></p><br />
<p>We also designed a number of mobile applications (Apps). With the development of smart phones, there is now a demand for simple efficient programs that can aid carrying out everyday tasks.</p><br />
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<h3>The Lazy Scientist</h3><br />
<p>The Lazy Scientist is a translation tool. The app has a number of functions including DNA to amino acid translation, back translation, reverse, complement and reverse complement. The app also contains a genetic codon lookup table allowing all corresponding codons for an amino acid to be looked up. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.<p><br />
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<h3>Gene Slicer/Gene Cutter</h3><br />
<p>The Gene Cutter (iPhone app) and The Gene Slicer (Android app) are DNA cutting tools. The apps have two functions to help restriction mapping of nucleotide sequences. The apps are able to search a sequence for a specific enzyme and can also return a list of enzymes not present in the sequence. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.</p><br />
<p>To date there have been over <b>1200 downloads</b> from all over the world. Making apps will increase the accessibility of synthetic biology, allowing scientists to have portable tools to aid them in synthetic biology wherever they are.</p><br />
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<a name=”public” id = "public"><h2>An Unengaged Public</h2></a><br />
<h3>A Panel Discussion at the 2011 World School Debating Chapionships</h3><br />
<p>To try to engage members of the public, we collaborated with St Andrews iGEM to organise a debate/discussion to coincide with the World School Debating Dhampionships (WSDC). The WSDC is an annual global event with High School students from different cultures and backgrounds, competing and debating on current issues. The WSDC has been an annual competition since 1988 and has been hosted in exotic locations around the world such as Sydney, Lima and Singapore. This year it was held in Dundee, Scotland. In the past, the Championships have had Nelson Mandela and Tony Blair participating as patrons.</p><br />
<p>We felt that the aims and objectives of the WSDC which focus on international understanding would be a good incentive for us to introduce and encourage interest in the relatively controversial field of synthetic biology. Many of the participating WSDC students are potential leaders. The knowledge of Synthetic Biology would be advantageous to future global decisions. By being able to link politics and Synthetic Biology, political promotion of the subject can greatly be enhanced and Synthetic Biology can have a larger beneficial role.</p><br />
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<p>After having decided to collaborate with the iGEM team of St Andrews, we set up a meeting where both teams and Jon Urch, of Revealing Research Dundee, brainstormed ideas for the event. Our first plan was a panel debate, where we would first give a short introduction on synthetic biology (giving a description of synthetic biology and discussing its benefits and limitations) and then allow the students to perform a debate. After lots of discussion we chose to give a longer presentation and then have an open discussion where both the St Andrews and Dundee team form a panel where the audience could direct questions and/or discuss among themselves. In the meetings prior to the discussion, we chose to divide the presentation into two parts: the positive and the negative aspects of Synthetic Biology. The responsibility of the negative aspects was held by the St Andrews team while we prepared for the introduction and discussing the benefits of Synthetic Biology.</p><br />
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<p>On the 21st of August 2011 we held the discussion on Synthetic Biology at The Union in The University of Dundee. At the beginning of our presentation, the audience was asked if they knew anything about synthetic biology and what their opinion regarding it was. Only one person in the audience said that they were opposed to Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Arguments</h3><br />
<p>Synthetic Biology is hard to define, even scientist struggle with the definition. We thus began our presentation by showing what synthetic biology may be defined as. The following definition was used: “ (a) the design and fabrication of biological components and systems that do not already exist in the natural world (b) the re-design and fabrication of existing biological systems” (source: http://syntheticbiology.org/FAQ.html).</p><br />
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<p>Though to describe Synthetic Biology as engineering is a controversial matter, as Simon Munnery says “The engineering equivalent of genetic engineering is to get a bunch of concrete and steel, throw it into a river, and if you can walk across, call it a bridge”. We also thought we would briefly explain in our introduction, how the concept of Synthetic Biology worked; explaining how we use bacterial DNA to give a different function to yeast, and the basic concept of biobricks. We introduced what iGEM was, its goals and past projects, such as the arsenic biosensor. We proceeded to discuss the influence of media and public perception in Synthetic Biology. Breakthroughs such as the organism designed from scratch by Craig Venter has lead to a lot of worry in the general public that scientists are tampering with life. It is mostly fear and lack of understanding, which will slow down the development of useful products through Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<p>The rest of the presentation was used to explain the benefits of Synthetic Biology in more detail. Synthetic Biology is unique in it being able to design and create a product which can suit a specific need. There are many areas in which this would be useful. Synthetic Biology is applicable in renewable energy where research into bio alcohols, photosynthetic algae and hydrogen fuel is looking to solve the global dependence on fossil fuels and reducing damaging emissions. Synthetic Biology has in the past been used to create effective medicines, such recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin from bacteria. Cheaper pharmaceuticals to treat malaria are also being designed and tested by the use of Synthetic Biology. In the future synthetic biology might be able to produce personalized medicine. The use of Synthetic Biology extends even further. Agriculture and environment protection can be substantially improved. </p><br />
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<p>Synthetic biologists are testing disease resistant and high yield plants. These can be complemented with environmentally friendly and safe micro-organism which can reduce water dependence and eliminate chemical fertilizers. They are using experiments that entail combining metabolic components from different organism to improve nutritional components in plants, like increased amounts of food grade protein. This could be a great and efficient way to help famine stricken areas. In addition, Scientists are also looking into naturally occurring oil-devouring micro-organisms which can help in developing new methods to reduce pollution. Natural occurring and environmentally friendly “Wetting agents” or biosurfactant’s produced by bacteria, yeasts or fungi, are potential solutions to damage from pollutants. Synthetic Biologists may be able to isolate the constituent of biosurfactants produced from a microbe and design them to clean up precise locations of a spill or polluted area.</p><br />
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<p>Another relevant example is the use of synthetic bio-films to be used as environmental biosensors. These could be beneficial for sensing nutrient quality or areas of environmental degradation in the soil. </p><br />
<p>The presentation ended with a quote from Alistair Elfick of the University of Edinburgh:</p><br />
<p>“It is envisaged that synthetic biology may be able to contribute to resolving many of the challenges facing us in the 21st Century. The potential applications are immense. We can make devices to produce fuel or animal food from our waste; we can make devices to soak up carbon from the atmosphere and lock it away; we can make devices to synthesise plastics without the need to use oil; we can make devices to sense pollutants; we can make devices to create new drugs. Indeed, synthetic biology holds huge potential to impact positively on our daily lives.” (source: http://www.synbiostandards.co.uk/about_synbio.php) </p><br />
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<p>The second part of the presentation was handed over to the St Andrews team who outlined and discussed the negative aspects and limitations of synthetic biology.<br />
St Andrews began by discussing the role of bioterrorism within synthetic biology. Explaining that since the open source approach used in Synthetic Biology can be used by anyone, it is possible to create a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. The example used here was the assembly of Polio from mail order oligonucleotides. Other potential harmful effects include any organism that escapes the lab into the environment. The consequences of this are potentially dangerous. The bacteria could either colonize people causing harmful effects or even be lethal. In addition, the bacteria could potentially out compete other natural flora. This danger stresses the need for scientists to test their synthetic bacteria in the open environment. For example, the arsenic sensor that was produced by an iGEM team needs to be used in an open environment in order to fulfill its use. There is a possibility here that the bacteria becomes endemic in the environment during the test, causing lethal or severe damage to animals, plants or humans before one could destroy the bacteria. The St Andrews team then proceeded to discuss the ethical duty and responsibility of GEMs. Questions such as who defines what life is, and whether scientists alone should define life, were discussed by St Andrews. The controversial concept of scientist playing god through synthetic biology was discussed, emphasizing the issue that scientist might end up modifying biological systems before they properly understand them. Dual-use dilemma was discussed in which the nuclear fission experiments in 20th Century was used as an example. </p><br />
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<p>St Andrews used the last part of their presentation to explain that though these issues are pressing there are many ways that they can be prevented. It is foremost, for scientist worldwide to be primarily concerned with the protection of the public. In actual fact Bioterrorism is realistically not a big threat because there are large amounts of resources required to synthesize and produce a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. In addition, the risk of colonization of synthetic bacteria is also very small, as they would most likely be out competed by their naturally occurring counterparts in an open environment. Using the kill switch (which the St Andrews iGEM team 2011 has built) as an example, cell level safeguards, along with laboratory protocols and transportation procedures can be tailored to substantially eliminate any big threat in Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Response</h3><br />
<p>A lot of interesting questions were raised after the presentations. Among them where issues on patenting, and someone had read an inaccurate representation of a scientific discovery/breakthrough in the press. The Dundee team emphasized the danger of incorrect coverage of science in the media. There was a suggestion that Synthetic Biology could have a fact check website, like politics have, where journalists could evaluate the credibility of media’s coverage on a topic.</p><br />
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<p><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:St_Andrews/debate"><b>View Debate Information and Powerpoint Presentations Here at our Friends' wiki</b></a> </p><br />
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<h3>University of Dundee Open Day: 12th November 2011</h3><br />
<p>To conclude our human practices project the team will take part in a university wide open day in November. We will use an iGEM stand to explain the vision of synthetic biology and clarify any myths surrounding the area. A short demonstration will be used to explain our project and the potential of the Sphereactor. Using the concerns and questions that were raised during the discussion portion of the debate. The stand will be present throughout the whole of the open day providing an opportunity to speak to a large number of people with an active interest in science. The open day is more than just an opportunity to educate people about synthetic biology. We feel that it fits into our program of offering solutions rather than just philosophically wondering about the state of synthetic biology. By using university open days, we will target a group of inquisitive and interested people. We believe this will be a more effective marketing campaign than wider focus events that broadly target the community in a context were people are not specifically interested in the subject. The solution of working with an engaged public and then further using this to spread information is a valuable bridging system between the scientific community and the general public.</p> <br />
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<a name=”conclusion” id = "conclusion"><h2>Conclusion</h2></a><br />
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<p>Our main aim was to address problems in a practical manner while laying groundwork for future iGEM teams to develop on. Only by understanding and embracing these associated problems can we come up with long-term solutions. We feel that the Dundee University iGEM team has made a number of novel steps in the right direction, better defining the purpose of human practices while solidifying the its place within all aspects of synthetic biology.</p><br />
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</html></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/HumanPracticesTeam:Dundee/HumanPractices2011-09-21T21:46:12Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<h1><a href="/Team:Dundee">The University of Dundee</a></h1><br />
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<h2>Human Practices</h2><br />
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<h3>Topics</h3><br />
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<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#lacking">1. Cooperation is Lacking: <i>collaboration and assistance for St Andrews iGEMMERS</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#safety">2. Safety Concerns.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#skills">.3. Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for iGEMMERS everywhere</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#public">4. An Underengaged Public.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#conclusion">5. Conclusion.</a></p><br />
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<h3>What is “human practices”?</h3><br />
<p>As a team we wanted to analyse and address the society’s relationship with science, and more specifically, synthetic biology. </p><br />
<p>After researching society’s views on synthetic biology we perceived four important problems that we could solve:</p><br />
<p>1. Cooperation between scientists is lacking.</p><br />
<p>2. The public does not perceive synthetic biology to be safe.</p><br />
<p>.3. The key skills required for synthetic biology can be intimidating.</p><br />
<p>4. The general public are not as engaged as they should be.</p><br />
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<a name=”lacking” id = "lacking"><h2>Cooperation is lacking: <i> collaboration with St Andrews</i></h2></a><br />
<p>We believe that cooperation and collaboration are two of the fundamental principles behind the success of synthetic biology. By always keeping these themes at the forefront of our thinking, we could allow them to permeate through our entire project whether it was working directly with another team to reach a common goal, or just making software on multiple platforms to allow more people to use it.</p><br />
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<h3>Eastern iGEM</h3><br />
<p>We were delighted to be able to work closely with the St Andrews iGEM team, who are based just across the Tay Bridge, about 12 miles from Dundee, also on the East coast of Scotland. It was really useful to meet with them and share our experiences. As described later in this section, we worked with them to put on a discussion on the pros and cons of synthetic biology’s place in society to coincide with the World Schools Debating Championships, which were held in Dundee in 2011.</p><br />
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<p>Towards the end of the project we found out that the St Andrews team were having troubles cloning their antimicrobial peptide generator part into the pSB1C3 plasmid. We were pleased to be able to help them troubleshoot their experiments and by working together we were able to successfully clone the part.</p><br />
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<p>The main problem St Andrews were having seemed to be related to the production of new plasmid backbone <i>via</i> PCR with the iGEM specified primer design and specified RFP part. We were able to overcome this problem by carrying out some of their cloning in our lab using their AMP generator and our plasmid backbone which we made by restriction digest of uncut plasmid followed by gel cleanup. While we were doing this St Andrews carried out the same cloning cycle in paralell but using backbone they had generated by PCR. This confirmed that the source of the odd behaviour shown by the St Andrews ligation reactions and by their transformants was likely due to the method of backbone production.</p><br />
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<p>Our troubleshooting experiments led to us being able to provide the St Andrews team with a plate of bacteria containing their part on the desired backbone. Further cooperation between the teams will take place over the coming weeks in order to determine why the PCR based backbone amplification procedure was not working as it should.<br />
It was really great to share our time and resources with them, and we hope there will be a good relationship between the two teams in future iGEM competitions. We wish them the best of luck for the Jamboree.</p><br />
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<h3>Software Advice for other European Teams</h3><br />
<p>Our computer scientists were able to help the TUM iGEM team by offering software advice. Having had difficulties to embed Javascript on their wiki, the TUM team tweeted for assistance. The computer scientists on the Dundee University iGEM team were very happy to help. They tweeted back giving a detailed explanation of what needed to be done. Having followed our advice they tweeted back stating that it was successful. It was interesting to interact with another iGem team we hadn’t met, following the iGEM spirit. We’re excited to meet the team in Amsterdam.</p><br />
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<h3>Submitting Our Parts</h3><br />
<p>When submitting our biobrick parts, we took care to make the parts easily accessible to teams of the future. With new research still carried out into the way the BMC is expressed, and which features are required to form a fully functioning BMC. We hope that by submitting the structural components separately we can encourage other teams to experiment further, for example with the order and composition of the operon. </p><br />
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<a name=”safety” id = "safety"><h2>Safety Concerns</h2></a><br />
<h3>SynBin</h3><br />
<p>We felt the best way to address safety concerns was to evaluate our behaviour in the laboratory, ask ourselves whether it would be acceptable to the general public, and if not, how can we make it more acceptable.</p><br />
<p>This evaluation inspired the “SynBin”, a tool to help future teams share and discuss their accidents (“Syns”). Whether it’s an embarrassing slip or a more serious “Rachelle’s set the lab on fire… again!” all incidents can be posted anonymously in the SynBin’s database. This will allow fellow synthetic biologists to learn from each other’s mistakes and adapt the way they work, creating a safer lab environment for everyone.</p> <br />
<p>By demonstrating how seriously we take health and safety, we can show the public that synthetic biology is being carried out in a safe and controlled environment. We feel that practical solutions like this are the best way forward to a more engaged and accepting public.</p><br />
<p>The SynBin is in late stages of development and we hope for it to go live in the next few weeks.</p><br />
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<a name=”skills” id = "skills"><h2>Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for all</i></h2></a><br />
<h3>Software</h3><br />
<p>One of the first problems any scientist will have on joining the world of synthetic biology is gene cloning. Gene cloning is the method by which DNA molecules can be assembled <i>in vitro</i>, taken up by host cells, and then replicated with the cells as they divide. By speaking with scientists within our building, and by noting the problems we encountered while working, we realised that cloning can be quite intimidating!</p><br />
<p>Two problems we encountered, by no means all, with cloning were as follows:</p><br />
<p>• Different organisms use codons differently. </p><br />
<p>• Making PCR primers is confusing.</p><br />
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<h3>Gene Synthesiser</h3><br />
<p>Many synthetic biology projects involve the heterologous expression of foreign genes in a host such as <i>E. coli</i>/<i>S. cerevisiae</i> etc. For successful and efficient translation, the codon usage of the newly introduced gene must be optimised to match the tRNA pool of the host organism. However, if one simply picked the most common codon for each amino acid, the rate of translation would be extremely fast across the entire gene. This may lead to subtle characteristics of translation being lost. For example, it has been suggested that in certain regions of the gene, the source organism may ‘choose’ a short run of rare codons, in order to slow down translation in that region. This slowing of the emerging polypeptide from the ribosome has been suggested to facilitate the correct folding of the heterologous protein and/or allow time for the insertion of essential co-factors [19]. These regions of "slow" translation, may occur in loops between different domains of the protein. It may be therefore important for certain genes, to maintain this pattern of fast to slow translation in the target organism.</p><br />
<p>“Gene Synthesiser” is a java application that makes this possible by enabling codon usage pattern matching. The application analyses the patterns of codon usage of the gene that one wants to express, in its native organism and generates new synthetic DNA sequence, optimised for the codon usage of the new target organism, yet matching any patterns of rare to common codons. Gene Synthesiser utilises codon usage data for over 35000 organisms. <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[20]</a></b>.</p><br />
<p>To try the Gene Synthesiser for yourself click <a href = "http://www.dave-gibson.net/projects/genesynthesis"><b>HERE</b> </a></p><br />
<p>We also designed a number of mobile applications (Apps). With the development of smart phones, there is now a demand for simple efficient programs that can aid carrying out everyday tasks.</p><br />
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<h3>The Lazy Scientist</h3><br />
<p>The Lazy Scientist is a translation tool. The app has a number of functions including DNA to amino acid translation, back translation, reverse, complement and reverse complement. The app also contains a genetic codon lookup table allowing all corresponding codons for an amino acid to be looked up. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.<p><br />
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<h3>Gene Slicer/Gene Cutter</h3><br />
<p>The Gene Cutter (iPhone app) and The Gene Slicer (Android app) are DNA cutting tools. The apps have two functions to help restriction mapping of nucleotide sequences. The apps are able to search a sequence for a specific enzyme and can also return a list of enzymes not present in the sequence. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.</p><br />
<p>To date there have been over <b>1200 downloads</b> from all over the world. Making apps will increase the accessibility of synthetic biology, allowing scientists to have portable tools to aid them in synthetic biology wherever they are.</p><br />
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<a name=”public” id = "public"><h2>An Unengaged Public</h2></a><br />
<h3>A Panel Discussion at the 2011 World School Debating Chapionships</h3><br />
<p>To try to engage members of the public, we collaborated with St Andrews iGEM to organise a debate/discussion to coincide with the World School Debating Dhampionships (WSDC). The WSDC is an annual global event with High School students from different cultures and backgrounds, competing and debating on current issues. The WSDC has been an annual competition since 1988 and has been hosted in exotic locations around the world such as Sydney, Lima and Singapore. This year it was held in Dundee, Scotland. In the past, the Championships have had Nelson Mandela and Tony Blair participating as patrons.</p><br />
<p>We felt that the aims and objectives of the WSDC which focus on international understanding would be a good incentive for us to introduce and encourage interest in the relatively controversial field of synthetic biology. Many of the participating WSDC students are potential leaders. The knowledge of Synthetic Biology would be advantageous to future global decisions. By being able to link politics and Synthetic Biology, political promotion of the subject can greatly be enhanced and Synthetic Biology can have a larger beneficial role.</p><br />
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<p>After having decided to collaborate with the iGEM team of St Andrews, we set up a meeting where both teams and Jon Urch, of Revealing Research Dundee, brainstormed ideas for the event. Our first plan was a panel debate, where we would first give a short introduction on synthetic biology (giving a description of synthetic biology and discussing its benefits and limitations) and then allow the students to perform a debate. After lots of discussion we chose to give a longer presentation and then have an open discussion where both the St Andrews and Dundee team form a panel where the audience could direct questions and/or discuss among themselves. In the meetings prior to the discussion, we chose to divide the presentation into two parts: the positive and the negative aspects of Synthetic Biology. The responsibility of the negative aspects was held by the St Andrews team while we prepared for the introduction and discussing the benefits of Synthetic Biology.</p><br />
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<p>On the 21st of August 2011 we held the discussion on Synthetic Biology at The Union in The University of Dundee. At the beginning of our presentation, the audience was asked if they knew anything about synthetic biology and what their opinion regarding it was. Only one person in the audience said that they were opposed to Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Arguments</h3><br />
<p>Synthetic Biology is hard to define, even scientist struggle with the definition. We thus began our presentation by showing what synthetic biology may be defined as. The following definition was used: “ (a) the design and fabrication of biological components and systems that do not already exist in the natural world (b) the re-design and fabrication of existing biological systems” (source: http://syntheticbiology.org/FAQ.html).</p><br />
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<p>Though to describe Synthetic Biology as engineering is a controversial matter, as Simon Munnery says “The engineering equivalent of genetic engineering is to get a bunch of concrete and steel, throw it into a river, and if you can walk across, call it a bridge”. We also thought we would briefly explain in our introduction, how the concept of Synthetic Biology worked; explaining how we use bacterial DNA to give a different function to yeast, and the basic concept of biobricks. We introduced what iGEM was, its goals and past projects, such as the arsenic biosensor. We proceeded to discuss the influence of media and public perception in Synthetic Biology. Breakthroughs such as the organism designed from scratch by Craig Venter has lead to a lot of worry in the general public that scientists are tampering with life. It is mostly fear and lack of understanding, which will slow down the development of useful products through Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<p>The rest of the presentation was used to explain the benefits of Synthetic Biology in more detail. Synthetic Biology is unique in it being able to design and create a product which can suit a specific need. There are many areas in which this would be useful. Synthetic Biology is applicable in renewable energy where research into bio alcohols, photosynthetic algae and hydrogen fuel is looking to solve the global dependence on fossil fuels and reducing damaging emissions. Synthetic Biology has in the past been used to create effective medicines, such recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin from bacteria. Cheaper pharmaceuticals to treat malaria are also being designed and tested by the use of Synthetic Biology. In the future synthetic biology might be able to produce personalized medicine. The use of Synthetic Biology extends even further. Agriculture and environment protection can be substantially improved. </p><br />
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<p>Synthetic biologists are testing disease resistant and high yield plants. These can be complemented with environmentally friendly and safe micro-organism which can reduce water dependence and eliminate chemical fertilizers. They are using experiments that entail combining metabolic components from different organism to improve nutritional components in plants, like increased amounts of food grade protein. This could be a great and efficient way to help famine stricken areas. In addition, Scientists are also looking into naturally occurring oil-devouring micro-organisms which can help in developing new methods to reduce pollution. Natural occurring and environmentally friendly “Wetting agents” or biosurfactant’s produced by bacteria, yeasts or fungi, are potential solutions to damage from pollutants. Synthetic Biologists may be able to isolate the constituent of biosurfactants produced from a microbe and design them to clean up precise locations of a spill or polluted area.</p><br />
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<p>Another relevant example is the use of synthetic bio-films to be used as environmental biosensors. These could be beneficial for sensing nutrient quality or areas of environmental degradation in the soil. </p><br />
<p>The presentation ended with a quote from Alistair Elfick of the University of Edinburgh:</p><br />
<p>“It is envisaged that synthetic biology may be able to contribute to resolving many of the challenges facing us in the 21st Century. The potential applications are immense. We can make devices to produce fuel or animal food from our waste; we can make devices to soak up carbon from the atmosphere and lock it away; we can make devices to synthesise plastics without the need to use oil; we can make devices to sense pollutants; we can make devices to create new drugs. Indeed, synthetic biology holds huge potential to impact positively on our daily lives.” (source: http://www.synbiostandards.co.uk/about_synbio.php) </p><br />
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<p>The second part of the presentation was handed over to the St Andrews team who outlined and discussed the negative aspects and limitations of synthetic biology.<br />
St Andrews began by discussing the role of bioterrorism within synthetic biology. Explaining that since the open source approach used in Synthetic Biology can be used by anyone, it is possible to create a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. The example used here was the assembly of Polio from mail order oligonucleotides. Other potential harmful effects include any organism that escapes the lab into the environment. The consequences of this are potentially dangerous. The bacteria could either colonize people causing harmful effects or even be lethal. In addition, the bacteria could potentially out compete other natural flora. This danger stresses the need for scientists to test their synthetic bacteria in the open environment. For example, the arsenic sensor that was produced by an iGEM team needs to be used in an open environment in order to fulfill its use. There is a possibility here that the bacteria becomes endemic in the environment during the test, causing lethal or severe damage to animals, plants or humans before one could destroy the bacteria. The St Andrews team then proceeded to discuss the ethical duty and responsibility of GEMs. Questions such as who defines what life is, and whether scientists alone should define life, were discussed by St Andrews. The controversial concept of scientist playing god through synthetic biology was discussed, emphasizing the issue that scientist might end up modifying biological systems before they properly understand them. Dual-use dilemma was discussed in which the nuclear fission experiments in 20th Century was used as an example. </p><br />
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<p>St Andrews used the last part of their presentation to explain that though these issues are pressing there are many ways that they can be prevented. It is foremost, for scientist worldwide to be primarily concerned with the protection of the public. In actual fact Bioterrorism is realistically not a big threat because there are large amounts of resources required to synthesize and produce a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. In addition, the risk of colonization of synthetic bacteria is also very small, as they would most likely be out competed by their naturally occurring counterparts in an open environment. Using the kill switch (which the St Andrews iGEM team 2011 has built) as an example, cell level safeguards, along with laboratory protocols and transportation procedures can be tailored to substantially eliminate any big threat in Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Response</h3><br />
<p>A lot of interesting questions were raised after the presentations. Among them where issues on patenting, and someone had read an inaccurate representation of a scientific discovery/breakthrough in the press. The Dundee team emphasized the danger of incorrect coverage of science in the media. There was a suggestion that Synthetic Biology could have a fact check website, like politics have, where journalists could evaluate the credibility of media’s coverage on a topic.</p><br />
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<p><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:St_Andrews/debate"><b>View Debate Information and Powerpoint Presentations Here at our Friends' wiki</b></a> </p><br />
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<h3>University of Dundee Open Day: 12th November 2011</h3><br />
<p>To conclude our human practices project the team will take part in a university wide open day in November. We will use an iGEM stand to explain the vision of synthetic biology and clarify any myths surrounding the area. A short demonstration will be used to explain our project and the potential of the Sphereactor. Using the concerns and questions that were raised during the discussion portion of the debate. The stand will be present throughout the whole of the open day providing an opportunity to speak to a large number of people with an active interest in science. The open day is more than just an opportunity to educate people about synthetic biology. We feel that it fits into our program of offering solutions rather than just philosophically wondering about the state of synthetic biology. By using university open days, we will target a group of inquisitive and interested people. We believe this will be a more effective marketing campaign than wider focus events that broadly target the community in a context were people are not specifically interested in the subject. The solution of working with an engaged public and then further using this to spread information is a valuable bridging system between the scientific community and the general public.</p> <br />
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<a name=”conclusion” id = "conclusion"><h2>Conclusion</h2></a><br />
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<p>Our main aim was to address problems in a practical manner while laying groundwork for future iGEM teams to develop on. Only by understanding and embracing these associated problems can we come up with long-term solutions. We feel that the Dundee University iGEM team has made a number of novel steps in the right direction, better defining the purpose of human practices while solidifying the its place within all aspects of synthetic biology.</p><br />
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</html></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/File:IMG_2493.jpgFile:IMG 2493.jpg2011-09-21T21:44:42Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<div></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/HumanPracticesTeam:Dundee/HumanPractices2011-09-21T21:43:27Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<h2>Human Practices</h2><br />
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<h3>Topics</h3><br />
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<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#lacking">1. Cooperation is Lacking: <i>collaboration and assistance for St Andrews iGEMMERS</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#safety">2. Safety Concerns.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#skills">.3. Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for iGEMMERS everywhere</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#public">4. An Underengaged Public.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#conclusion">5. Conclusion.</a></p><br />
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<h3>What is “human practices”?</h3><br />
<p>As a team we wanted to analyse and address the society’s relationship with science, and more specifically, synthetic biology. </p><br />
<p>After researching society’s views on synthetic biology we perceived four important problems that we could solve:</p><br />
<p>1. Cooperation between scientists is lacking.</p><br />
<p>2. The public does not perceive synthetic biology to be safe.</p><br />
<p>.3. The key skills required for synthetic biology can be intimidating.</p><br />
<p>4. The general public are not as engaged as they should be.</p><br />
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<a name=”lacking” id = "lacking"><h2>Cooperation is lacking: <i> collaboration with St Andrews</i></h2></a><br />
<p>We believe that cooperation and collaboration are two of the fundamental principles behind the success of synthetic biology. By always keeping these themes at the forefront of our thinking, we could allow them to permeate through our entire project whether it was working directly with another team to reach a common goal, or just making software on multiple platforms to allow more people to use it.</p><br />
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<h3>Eastern iGEM</h3><br />
<p>We were delighted to be able to work closely with the St Andrews iGEM team, who are based just across the Tay Bridge, about 12 miles from Dundee, also on the East coast of Scotland. It was really useful to meet with them and share our experiences. As described later in this section, we worked with them to put on a discussion on the pros and cons of synthetic biology’s place in society to coincide with the World Schools Debating Championships, which were held in Dundee in 2011.</p><br />
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<p>Towards the end of the project we found out that the St Andrews team were having troubles cloning their antimicrobial peptide generator part into the pSB1C3 plasmid. We were pleased to be able to help them troubleshoot their experiments and by working together we were able to successfully clone the part.</p><br />
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<p>The main problem St Andrews were having seemed to be related to the production of new plasmid backbone <i>via</i> PCR with the iGEM specified primer design and specified RFP part. We were able to overcome this problem by carrying out some of their cloning in our lab using their AMP generator and our plasmid backbone which we made by restriction digest of uncut plasmid followed by gel cleanup. While we were doing this St Andrews carried out the same cloning cycle in paralell but using backbone they had generated by PCR. This confirmed that the source of the odd behaviour shown by the St Andrews ligation reactions and by their transformants was likely due to the method of backbone production.</p><br />
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<p>Our troubleshooting experiments led to us being able to provide the St Andrews team with a plate of bacteria containing their part on the desired backbone. Further cooperation between the teams will take place over the coming weeks in order to determine why the PCR based backbone amplification procedure was not working as it should.<br />
It was really great to share our time and resources with them, and we hope there will be a good relationship between the two teams in future iGEM competitions. We wish them the best of luck for the Jamboree.</p><br />
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<h3>Software Advice for other European Teams</h3><br />
<p>Our computer scientists were able to help the TUM iGEM team by offering software advice. Having had difficulties to embed Javascript on their wiki, the TUM team tweeted for assistance. The computer scientists on the Dundee University iGEM team were very happy to help. They tweeted back giving a detailed explanation of what needed to be done. Having followed our advice they tweeted back stating that it was successful. It was interesting to interact with another iGem team we hadn’t met, following the iGEM spirit. We’re excited to meet the team in Amsterdam.</p><br />
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<h3>Submitting Our Parts</h3><br />
<p>When submitting our biobrick parts, we took care to make the parts easily accessible to teams of the future. With new research still carried out into the way the BMC is expressed, and which features are required to form a fully functioning BMC. We hope that by submitting the structural components separately we can encourage other teams to experiment further, for example with the order and composition of the operon. </p><br />
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<a name=”safety” id = "safety"><h2>Safety Concerns</h2></a><br />
<h3>SynBin</h3><br />
<p>We felt the best way to address safety concerns was to evaluate our behaviour in the laboratory, ask ourselves whether it would be acceptable to the general public, and if not, how can we make it more acceptable.</p><br />
<p>This evaluation inspired the “SynBin”, a tool to help future teams share and discuss their accidents (“Syns”). Whether it’s an embarrassing slip or a more serious “Rachelle’s set the lab on fire… again!” all incidents can be posted anonymously in the SynBin’s database. This will allow fellow synthetic biologists to learn from each other’s mistakes and adapt the way they work, creating a safer lab environment for everyone.</p> <br />
<p>By demonstrating how seriously we take health and safety, we can show the public that synthetic biology is being carried out in a safe and controlled environment. We feel that practical solutions like this are the best way forward to a more engaged and accepting public.</p><br />
<p>The SynBin is in late stages of development and we hope for it to go live in the next few weeks.</p><br />
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<a name=”skills” id = "skills"><h2>Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for all</i></h2></a><br />
<h3>Software</h3><br />
<p>One of the first problems any scientist will have on joining the world of synthetic biology is gene cloning. Gene cloning is the method by which DNA molecules can be assembled <i>in vitro</i>, taken up by host cells, and then replicated with the cells as they divide. By speaking with scientists within our building, and by noting the problems we encountered while working, we realised that cloning can be quite intimidating!</p><br />
<p>Two problems we encountered, by no means all, with cloning were as follows:</p><br />
<p>• Different organisms use codons differently. </p><br />
<p>• Making PCR primers is confusing.</p><br />
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<h3>Gene Synthesiser</h3><br />
<p>Many synthetic biology projects involve the heterologous expression of foreign genes in a host such as <i>E. coli</i>/<i>S. cerevisiae</i> etc. For successful and efficient translation, the codon usage of the newly introduced gene must be optimised to match the tRNA pool of the host organism. However, if one simply picked the most common codon for each amino acid, the rate of translation would be extremely fast across the entire gene. This may lead to subtle characteristics of translation being lost. For example, it has been suggested that in certain regions of the gene, the source organism may ‘choose’ a short run of rare codons, in order to slow down translation in that region. This slowing of the emerging polypeptide from the ribosome has been suggested to facilitate the correct folding of the heterologous protein and/or allow time for the insertion of essential co-factors [19]. These regions of "slow" translation, may occur in loops between different domains of the protein. It may be therefore important for certain genes, to maintain this pattern of fast to slow translation in the target organism.</p><br />
<p>“Gene Synthesiser” is a java application that makes this possible by enabling codon usage pattern matching. The application analyses the patterns of codon usage of the gene that one wants to express, in its native organism and generates new synthetic DNA sequence, optimised for the codon usage of the new target organism, yet matching any patterns of rare to common codons. Gene Synthesiser utilises codon usage data for over 35000 organisms. <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[20]</a></b>.</p><br />
<p>To try the Gene Synthesiser for yourself click <a href = "http://www.dave-gibson.net/projects/genesynthesis"><b>HERE</b> </a></p><br />
<p>We also designed a number of mobile applications (Apps). With the development of smart phones, there is now a demand for simple efficient programs that can aid carrying out everyday tasks.</p><br />
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<h3>The Lazy Scientist</h3><br />
<p>The Lazy Scientist is a translation tool. The app has a number of functions including DNA to amino acid translation, back translation, reverse, complement and reverse complement. The app also contains a genetic codon lookup table allowing all corresponding codons for an amino acid to be looked up. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.<p><br />
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<h3>Gene Slicer/Gene Cutter</h3><br />
<p>The Gene Cutter (iPhone app) and The Gene Slicer (Android app) are DNA cutting tools. The apps have two functions to help restriction mapping of nucleotide sequences. The apps are able to search a sequence for a specific enzyme and can also return a list of enzymes not present in the sequence. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.</p><br />
<p>To date there have been over <b>1200 downloads</b> from all over the world. Making apps will increase the accessibility of synthetic biology, allowing scientists to have portable tools to aid them in synthetic biology wherever they are.</p><br />
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<a name=”public” id = "public"><h2>An Unengaged Public</h2></a><br />
<h3>A Panel Discussion at the 2011 World School Debating Chapionships</h3><br />
<p>To try to engage members of the public, we collaborated with St Andrews iGEM to organise a debate/discussion to coincide with the World School Debating Dhampionships (WSDC). The WSDC is an annual global event with High School students from different cultures and backgrounds, competing and debating on current issues. The WSDC has been an annual competition since 1988 and has been hosted in exotic locations around the world such as Sydney, Lima and Singapore. This year it was held in Dundee, Scotland. In the past, the Championships have had Nelson Mandela and Tony Blair participating as patrons.</p><br />
<p>We felt that the aims and objectives of the WSDC which focus on international understanding would be a good incentive for us to introduce and encourage interest in the relatively controversial field of synthetic biology. Many of the participating WSDC students are potential leaders. The knowledge of Synthetic Biology would be advantageous to future global decisions. By being able to link politics and Synthetic Biology, political promotion of the subject can greatly be enhanced and Synthetic Biology can have a larger beneficial role.</p><br />
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<p>After having decided to collaborate with the iGEM team of St Andrews, we set up a meeting where both teams and Jon Urch, of Revealing Research Dundee, brainstormed ideas for the event. Our first plan was a panel debate, where we would first give a short introduction on synthetic biology (giving a description of synthetic biology and discussing its benefits and limitations) and then allow the students to perform a debate. After lots of discussion we chose to give a longer presentation and then have an open discussion where both the St Andrews and Dundee team form a panel where the audience could direct questions and/or discuss among themselves. In the meetings prior to the discussion, we chose to divide the presentation into two parts: the positive and the negative aspects of Synthetic Biology. The responsibility of the negative aspects was held by the St Andrews team while we prepared for the introduction and discussing the benefits of Synthetic Biology.</p><br />
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<p>On the 21st of August 2011 we held the discussion on Synthetic Biology at The Union in The University of Dundee. At the beginning of our presentation, the audience was asked if they knew anything about synthetic biology and what their opinion regarding it was. Only one person in the audience said that they were opposed to Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Arguments</h3><br />
<p>Synthetic Biology is hard to define, even scientist struggle with the definition. We thus began our presentation by showing what synthetic biology may be defined as. The following definition was used: “ (a) the design and fabrication of biological components and systems that do not already exist in the natural world (b) the re-design and fabrication of existing biological systems” (source: http://syntheticbiology.org/FAQ.html).</p><br />
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<p>Though to describe Synthetic Biology as engineering is a controversial matter, as Simon Munnery says “The engineering equivalent of genetic engineering is to get a bunch of concrete and steel, throw it into a river, and if you can walk across, call it a bridge”. We also thought we would briefly explain in our introduction, how the concept of Synthetic Biology worked; explaining how we use bacterial DNA to give a different function to yeast, and the basic concept of biobricks. We introduced what iGEM was, its goals and past projects, such as the arsenic biosensor. We proceeded to discuss the influence of media and public perception in Synthetic Biology. Breakthroughs such as the organism designed from scratch by Craig Venter has lead to a lot of worry in the general public that scientists are tampering with life. It is mostly fear and lack of understanding, which will slow down the development of useful products through Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<p>The rest of the presentation was used to explain the benefits of Synthetic Biology in more detail. Synthetic Biology is unique in it being able to design and create a product which can suit a specific need. There are many areas in which this would be useful. Synthetic Biology is applicable in renewable energy where research into bio alcohols, photosynthetic algae and hydrogen fuel is looking to solve the global dependence on fossil fuels and reducing damaging emissions. Synthetic Biology has in the past been used to create effective medicines, such recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin from bacteria. Cheaper pharmaceuticals to treat malaria are also being designed and tested by the use of Synthetic Biology. In the future synthetic biology might be able to produce personalized medicine. The use of Synthetic Biology extends even further. Agriculture and environment protection can be substantially improved. </p><br />
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<p>Synthetic biologists are testing disease resistant and high yield plants. These can be complemented with environmentally friendly and safe micro-organism which can reduce water dependence and eliminate chemical fertilizers. They are using experiments that entail combining metabolic components from different organism to improve nutritional components in plants, like increased amounts of food grade protein. This could be a great and efficient way to help famine stricken areas. In addition, Scientists are also looking into naturally occurring oil-devouring micro-organisms which can help in developing new methods to reduce pollution. Natural occurring and environmentally friendly “Wetting agents” or biosurfactant’s produced by bacteria, yeasts or fungi, are potential solutions to damage from pollutants. Synthetic Biologists may be able to isolate the constituent of biosurfactants produced from a microbe and design them to clean up precise locations of a spill or polluted area.</p><br />
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<p>Another relevant example is the use of synthetic bio-films to be used as environmental biosensors. These could be beneficial for sensing nutrient quality or areas of environmental degradation in the soil. </p><br />
<p>The presentation ended with a quote from Alistair Elfick of the University of Edinburgh:</p><br />
<p>“It is envisaged that synthetic biology may be able to contribute to resolving many of the challenges facing us in the 21st Century. The potential applications are immense. We can make devices to produce fuel or animal food from our waste; we can make devices to soak up carbon from the atmosphere and lock it away; we can make devices to synthesise plastics without the need to use oil; we can make devices to sense pollutants; we can make devices to create new drugs. Indeed, synthetic biology holds huge potential to impact positively on our daily lives.” (source: http://www.synbiostandards.co.uk/about_synbio.php) </p><br />
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<p>The second part of the presentation was handed over to the St Andrews team who outlined and discussed the negative aspects and limitations of synthetic biology.<br />
St Andrews began by discussing the role of bioterrorism within synthetic biology. Explaining that since the open source approach used in Synthetic Biology can be used by anyone, it is possible to create a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. The example used here was the assembly of Polio from mail order oligonucleotides. Other potential harmful effects include any organism that escapes the lab into the environment. The consequences of this are potentially dangerous. The bacteria could either colonize people causing harmful effects or even be lethal. In addition, the bacteria could potentially out compete other natural flora. This danger stresses the need for scientists to test their synthetic bacteria in the open environment. For example, the arsenic sensor that was produced by an iGEM team needs to be used in an open environment in order to fulfill its use. There is a possibility here that the bacteria becomes endemic in the environment during the test, causing lethal or severe damage to animals, plants or humans before one could destroy the bacteria. The St Andrews team then proceeded to discuss the ethical duty and responsibility of GEMs. Questions such as who defines what life is, and whether scientists alone should define life, were discussed by St Andrews. The controversial concept of scientist playing god through synthetic biology was discussed, emphasizing the issue that scientist might end up modifying biological systems before they properly understand them. Dual-use dilemma was discussed in which the nuclear fission experiments in 20th Century was used as an example. </p><br />
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<p>St Andrews used the last part of their presentation to explain that though these issues are pressing there are many ways that they can be prevented. It is foremost, for scientist worldwide to be primarily concerned with the protection of the public. In actual fact Bioterrorism is realistically not a big threat because there are large amounts of resources required to synthesize and produce a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. In addition, the risk of colonization of synthetic bacteria is also very small, as they would most likely be out competed by their naturally occurring counterparts in an open environment. Using the kill switch (which the St Andrews iGEM team 2011 has built) as an example, cell level safeguards, along with laboratory protocols and transportation procedures can be tailored to substantially eliminate any big threat in Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Response</h3><br />
<p>A lot of interesting questions were raised after the presentations. Among them where issues on patenting, and someone had read an inaccurate representation of a scientific discovery/breakthrough in the press. The Dundee team emphasized the danger of incorrect coverage of science in the media. There was a suggestion that Synthetic Biology could have a fact check website, like politics have, where journalists could evaluate the credibility of media’s coverage on a topic.</p><br />
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<p><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:St_Andrews/debate"><b>View Debate Information and Powerpoint Presentations Here at our Friends' wiki</b></a> </p><br />
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<h3>University of Dundee Open Day: 12th November 2011</h3><br />
<p>To conclude our human practices project the team will take part in a university wide open day in November. We will use an iGEM stand to explain the vision of synthetic biology and clarify any myths surrounding the area. A short demonstration will be used to explain our project and the potential of the Sphereactor. Using the concerns and questions that were raised during the discussion portion of the debate. The stand will be present throughout the whole of the open day providing an opportunity to speak to a large number of people with an active interest in science. The open day is more than just an opportunity to educate people about synthetic biology. We feel that it fits into our program of offering solutions rather than just philosophically wondering about the state of synthetic biology. By using university open days, we will target a group of inquisitive and interested people. We believe this will be a more effective marketing campaign than wider focus events that broadly target the community in a context were people are not specifically interested in the subject. The solution of working with an engaged public and then further using this to spread information is a valuable bridging system between the scientific community and the general public.</p> <br />
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<a name=”conclusion” id = "conclusion"><h2>Conclusion</h2></a><br />
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<p>Our main aim was to address problems in a practical manner while laying groundwork for future iGEM teams to develop on. Only by understanding and embracing these associated problems can we come up with long-term solutions. We feel that the Dundee University iGEM team has made a number of novel steps in the right direction, better defining the purpose of human practices while solidifying the its place within all aspects of synthetic biology.</p><br />
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<h2>Human Practices</h2><br />
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<h3>Topics</h3><br />
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<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#lacking">1. Cooperation is Lacking: <i>collaboration and assistance for St Andrews iGEMMERS</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#safety">2. Safety Concerns.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#skills">.3. Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for iGEMMERS everywhere</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#public">4. An Underengaged Public.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#conclusion">5. Conclusion.</a></p><br />
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<h3>What is “human practices”?</h3><br />
<p>As a team we wanted to analyse and address the society’s relationship with science, and more specifically, synthetic biology. </p><br />
<p>After researching society’s views on synthetic biology we perceived four important problems that we could solve:</p><br />
<p>1. Cooperation between scientists is lacking.</p><br />
<p>2. The public does not perceive synthetic biology to be safe.</p><br />
<p>.3. The key skills required for synthetic biology can be intimidating.</p><br />
<p>4. The general public are not as engaged as they should be.</p><br />
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<a name=”lacking” id = "lacking"><h2>Cooperation is lacking: <i> collaboration with St Andrews</i></h2></a><br />
<p>We believe that cooperation and collaboration are two of the fundamental principles behind the success of synthetic biology. By always keeping these themes at the forefront of our thinking, we could allow them to permeate through our entire project whether it was working directly with another team to reach a common goal, or just making software on multiple platforms to allow more people to use it.</p><br />
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<h3>Eastern iGEM</h3><br />
<p>We were delighted to be able to work closely with the St Andrews iGEM team, who are based just across the Tay Bridge, about 12 miles from Dundee, also on the East coast of Scotland. It was really useful to meet with them and share our experiences. As described later in this section, we worked with them to put on a discussion on the pros and cons of synthetic biology’s place in society to coincide with the World Schools Debating Championships, which were held in Dundee in 2011.</p><br />
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<p>Towards the end of the project we found out that the St Andrews team were having troubles cloning their antimicrobial peptide generator part into the pSB1C3 plasmid. We were pleased to be able to help them troubleshoot their experiments and by working together we were able to successfully clone the part.</p><br />
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<p>The main problem St Andrews were having seemed to be related to the production of new plasmid backbone <i>via</i> PCR with the iGEM specified primer design and specified RFP part. We were able to overcome this problem by carrying out some of their cloning in our lab using their AMP generator and our plasmid backbone which we made by restriction digest of uncut plasmid followed by gel cleanup. While we were doing this St Andrews carried out the same cloning cycle in paralell but using backbone they had generated by PCR. This confirmed that the source of the odd behaviour shown by the St Andrews ligation reactions and by their transformants was likely due to the method of backbone production.</p><br />
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<p>Our troubleshooting experiments led to us being able to provide the St Andrews team with a plate of bacteria containing their part on the desired backbone. Further cooperation between the teams will take place over the coming weeks in order to determine why the PCR based backbone amplification procedure was not working as it should.<br />
It was really great to share our time and resources with them, and we hope there will be a good relationship between the two teams in future iGEM competitions. We wish them the best of luck for the Jamboree.</p><br />
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<h3>Software Advice for other European Teams</h3><br />
<p>Our computer scientists were able to help the TUM iGEM team by offering software advice. Having had difficulties to embed Javascript on their wiki, the TUM team tweeted for assistance. The computer scientists on the Dundee University iGEM team were very happy to help. They tweeted back giving a detailed explanation of what needed to be done. Having followed our advice they tweeted back stating that it was successful. It was interesting to interact with another iGem team we hadn’t met, following the iGEM spirit. We’re excited to meet the team in Amsterdam.</p><br />
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<h3>Submitting Our Parts</h3><br />
<p>When submitting our biobrick parts, we took care to make the parts easily accessible to teams of the future. With new research still carried out into the way the BMC is expressed, and which features are required to form a fully functioning BMC. We hope that by submitting the structural components separately we can encourage other teams to experiment further, for example with the order and composition of the operon. </p><br />
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<a name=”safety” id = "safety"><h2>Safety Concerns</h2></a><br />
<h3>SynBin</h3><br />
<p>We felt the best way to address safety concerns was to evaluate our behaviour in the laboratory, ask ourselves whether it would be acceptable to the general public, and if not, how can we make it more acceptable.</p><br />
<p>This evaluation inspired the “SynBin”, a tool to help future teams share and discuss their accidents (“Syns”). Whether it’s an embarrassing slip or a more serious “Rachelle’s set the lab on fire… again!” all incidents can be posted anonymously in the SynBin’s database. This will allow fellow synthetic biologists to learn from each other’s mistakes and adapt the way they work, creating a safer lab environment for everyone.</p> <br />
<p>By demonstrating how seriously we take health and safety, we can show the public that synthetic biology is being carried out in a safe and controlled environment. We feel that practical solutions like this are the best way forward to a more engaged and accepting public.</p><br />
<p>The SynBin is in late stages of development and we hope for it to go live in the next few weeks.</p><br />
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<a name=”skills” id = "skills"><h2>Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for all</i></h2></a><br />
<h3>Software</h3><br />
<p>One of the first problems any scientist will have on joining the world of synthetic biology is gene cloning. Gene cloning is the method by which DNA molecules can be assembled <i>in vitro</i>, taken up by host cells, and then replicated with the cells as they divide. By speaking with scientists within our building, and by noting the problems we encountered while working, we realised that cloning can be quite intimidating!</p><br />
<p>Two problems we encountered, by no means all, with cloning were as follows:</p><br />
<p>• Different organisms use codons differently. </p><br />
<p>• Making PCR primers is confusing.</p><br />
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<h3>Gene Synthesiser</h3><br />
<p>Many synthetic biology projects involve the heterologous expression of foreign genes in a host such as <i>E. coli</i>/<i>S. cerevisiae</i> etc. For successful and efficient translation, the codon usage of the newly introduced gene must be optimised to match the tRNA pool of the host organism. However, if one simply picked the most common codon for each amino acid, the rate of translation would be extremely fast across the entire gene. This may lead to subtle characteristics of translation being lost. For example, it has been suggested that in certain regions of the gene, the source organism may ‘choose’ a short run of rare codons, in order to slow down translation in that region. This slowing of the emerging polypeptide from the ribosome has been suggested to facilitate the correct folding of the heterologous protein and/or allow time for the insertion of essential co-factors [19]. These regions of "slow" translation, may occur in loops between different domains of the protein. It may be therefore important for certain genes, to maintain this pattern of fast to slow translation in the target organism.</p><br />
<p>“Gene Synthesiser” is a java application that makes this possible by enabling codon usage pattern matching. The application analyses the patterns of codon usage of the gene that one wants to express, in its native organism and generates new synthetic DNA sequence, optimised for the codon usage of the new target organism, yet matching any patterns of rare to common codons. Gene Synthesiser utilises codon usage data for over 35000 organisms. <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[20]</a></b>.</p><br />
<p>To try the Gene Synthesiser for yourself click <a href = "http://www.dave-gibson.net/projects/genesynthesis"><b>HERE</b> </a></p><br />
<p>We also designed a number of mobile applications (Apps). With the development of smart phones, there is now a demand for simple efficient programs that can aid carrying out everyday tasks.</p><br />
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<h3>The Lazy Scientist</h3><br />
<p>The Lazy Scientist is a translation tool. The app has a number of functions including DNA to amino acid translation, back translation, reverse, complement and reverse complement. The app also contains a genetic codon lookup table allowing all corresponding codons for an amino acid to be looked up. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.<p><br />
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<h3>Gene Slicer/Gene Cutter</h3><br />
<p>The Gene Cutter (iPhone app) and The Gene Slicer (Android app) are DNA cutting tools. The apps have two functions to help restriction mapping of nucleotide sequences. The apps are able to search a sequence for a specific enzyme and can also return a list of enzymes not present in the sequence. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.</p><br />
<p>To date there have been over <b>1200 downloads</b> from all over the world. Making apps will increase the accessibility of synthetic biology, allowing scientists to have portable tools to aid them in synthetic biology wherever they are.</p><br />
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<a name=”public” id = "public"><h2>An Unengaged Public</h2></a><br />
<h3>A Panel Discussion at the 2011 World School Debating Chapionships</h3><br />
<p>To try to engage members of the public, we collaborated with St Andrews iGEM to organise a debate/discussion to coincide with the World School Debating Dhampionships (WSDC). The WSDC is an annual global event with High School students from different cultures and backgrounds, competing and debating on current issues. The WSDC has been an annual competition since 1988 and has been hosted in exotic locations around the world such as Sydney, Lima and Singapore. This year it was held in Dundee, Scotland. In the past, the Championships have had Nelson Mandela and Tony Blair participating as patrons.</p><br />
<p>We felt that the aims and objectives of the WSDC which focus on international understanding would be a good incentive for us to introduce and encourage interest in the relatively controversial field of synthetic biology. Many of the participating WSDC students are potential leaders. The knowledge of Synthetic Biology would be advantageous to future global decisions. By being able to link politics and Synthetic Biology, political promotion of the subject can greatly be enhanced and Synthetic Biology can have a larger beneficial role.</p><br />
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<p>After having decided to collaborate with the iGEM team of St Andrews, we set up a meeting where both teams and Jon Urch, of Revealing Research Dundee, brainstormed ideas for the event. Our first plan was a panel debate, where we would first give a short introduction on synthetic biology (giving a description of synthetic biology and discussing its benefits and limitations) and then allow the students to perform a debate. After lots of discussion we chose to give a longer presentation and then have an open discussion where both the St Andrews and Dundee team form a panel where the audience could direct questions and/or discuss among themselves. In the meetings prior to the discussion, we chose to divide the presentation into two parts: the positive and the negative aspects of Synthetic Biology. The responsibility of the negative aspects was held by the St Andrews team while we prepared for the introduction and discussing the benefits of Synthetic Biology.</p><br />
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<p>On the 21st of August 2011 we held the discussion on Synthetic Biology at The Union in The University of Dundee. At the beginning of our presentation, the audience was asked if they knew anything about synthetic biology and what their opinion regarding it was. Only one person in the audience said that they were opposed to Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Arguments</h3><br />
<p>Synthetic Biology is hard to define, even scientist struggle with the definition. We thus began our presentation by showing what synthetic biology may be defined as. The following definition was used: “ (a) the design and fabrication of biological components and systems that do not already exist in the natural world (b) the re-design and fabrication of existing biological systems” (source: http://syntheticbiology.org/FAQ.html).</p><br />
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<p>Though to describe Synthetic Biology as engineering is a controversial matter, as Simon Munnery says “The engineering equivalent of genetic engineering is to get a bunch of concrete and steel, throw it into a river, and if you can walk across, call it a bridge”. We also thought we would briefly explain in our introduction, how the concept of Synthetic Biology worked; explaining how we use bacterial DNA to give a different function to yeast, and the basic concept of biobricks. We introduced what iGEM was, its goals and past projects, such as the arsenic biosensor. We proceeded to discuss the influence of media and public perception in Synthetic Biology. Breakthroughs such as the organism designed from scratch by Craig Venter has lead to a lot of worry in the general public that scientists are tampering with life. It is mostly fear and lack of understanding, which will slow down the development of useful products through Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<p>The rest of the presentation was used to explain the benefits of Synthetic Biology in more detail. Synthetic Biology is unique in it being able to design and create a product which can suit a specific need. There are many areas in which this would be useful. Synthetic Biology is applicable in renewable energy where research into bio alcohols, photosynthetic algae and hydrogen fuel is looking to solve the global dependence on fossil fuels and reducing damaging emissions. Synthetic Biology has in the past been used to create effective medicines, such recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin from bacteria. Cheaper pharmaceuticals to treat malaria are also being designed and tested by the use of Synthetic Biology. In the future synthetic biology might be able to produce personalized medicine. The use of Synthetic Biology extends even further. Agriculture and environment protection can be substantially improved. </p><br />
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<p>Synthetic biologists are testing disease resistant and high yield plants. These can be complemented with environmentally friendly and safe micro-organism which can reduce water dependence and eliminate chemical fertilizers. They are using experiments that entail combining metabolic components from different organism to improve nutritional components in plants, like increased amounts of food grade protein. This could be a great and efficient way to help famine stricken areas. In addition, Scientists are also looking into naturally occurring oil-devouring micro-organisms which can help in developing new methods to reduce pollution. Natural occurring and environmentally friendly “Wetting agents” or biosurfactant’s produced by bacteria, yeasts or fungi, are potential solutions to damage from pollutants. Synthetic Biologists may be able to isolate the constituent of biosurfactants produced from a microbe and design them to clean up precise locations of a spill or polluted area.</p><br />
<p>Another relevant example is the use of synthetic bio-films to be used as environmental biosensors. These could be beneficial for sensing nutrient quality or areas of environmental degradation in the soil. </p><br />
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<p>The presentation ended with a quote from Alistair Elfick of the University of Edinburgh:</p><br />
<p>“It is envisaged that synthetic biology may be able to contribute to resolving many of the challenges facing us in the 21st Century. The potential applications are immense. We can make devices to produce fuel or animal food from our waste; we can make devices to soak up carbon from the atmosphere and lock it away; we can make devices to synthesise plastics without the need to use oil; we can make devices to sense pollutants; we can make devices to create new drugs. Indeed, synthetic biology holds huge potential to impact positively on our daily lives.” (source: http://www.synbiostandards.co.uk/about_synbio.php) </p><br />
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<p>The second part of the presentation was handed over to the St Andrews team who outlined and discussed the negative aspects and limitations of synthetic biology.<br />
St Andrews began by discussing the role of bioterrorism within synthetic biology. Explaining that since the open source approach used in Synthetic Biology can be used by anyone, it is possible to create a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. The example used here was the assembly of Polio from mail order oligonucleotides. Other potential harmful effects include any organism that escapes the lab into the environment. The consequences of this are potentially dangerous. The bacteria could either colonize people causing harmful effects or even be lethal. In addition, the bacteria could potentially out compete other natural flora. This danger stresses the need for scientists to test their synthetic bacteria in the open environment. For example, the arsenic sensor that was produced by an iGEM team needs to be used in an open environment in order to fulfill its use. There is a possibility here that the bacteria becomes endemic in the environment during the test, causing lethal or severe damage to animals, plants or humans before one could destroy the bacteria. The St Andrews team then proceeded to discuss the ethical duty and responsibility of GEMs. Questions such as who defines what life is, and whether scientists alone should define life, were discussed by St Andrews. The controversial concept of scientist playing god through synthetic biology was discussed, emphasizing the issue that scientist might end up modifying biological systems before they properly understand them. Dual-use dilemma was discussed in which the nuclear fission experiments in 20th Century was used as an example. </p><br />
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<p>St Andrews used the last part of their presentation to explain that though these issues are pressing there are many ways that they can be prevented. It is foremost, for scientist worldwide to be primarily concerned with the protection of the public. In actual fact Bioterrorism is realistically not a big threat because there are large amounts of resources required to synthesize and produce a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. In addition, the risk of colonization of synthetic bacteria is also very small, as they would most likely be out competed by their naturally occurring counterparts in an open environment. Using the kill switch (which the St Andrews iGEM team 2011 has built) as an example, cell level safeguards, along with laboratory protocols and transportation procedures can be tailored to substantially eliminate any big threat in Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Response</h3><br />
<p>A lot of interesting questions were raised after the presentations. Among them where issues on patenting, and someone had read an inaccurate representation of a scientific discovery/breakthrough in the press. The Dundee team emphasized the danger of incorrect coverage of science in the media. There was a suggestion that Synthetic Biology could have a fact check website, like politics have, where journalists could evaluate the credibility of media’s coverage on a topic.</p><br />
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<p><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:St_Andrews/debate"><b>View Debate Information and Powerpoint Presentations Here at our Friends' wiki</b></a> </p><br />
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<h3>University of Dundee Open Day: 12th November 2011</h3><br />
<p>To conclude our human practices project the team will take part in a university wide open day in November. We will use an iGEM stand to explain the vision of synthetic biology and clarify any myths surrounding the area. A short demonstration will be used to explain our project and the potential of the Sphereactor. Using the concerns and questions that were raised during the discussion portion of the debate. The stand will be present throughout the whole of the open day providing an opportunity to speak to a large number of people with an active interest in science. The open day is more than just an opportunity to educate people about synthetic biology. We feel that it fits into our program of offering solutions rather than just philosophically wondering about the state of synthetic biology. By using university open days, we will target a group of inquisitive and interested people. We believe this will be a more effective marketing campaign than wider focus events that broadly target the community in a context were people are not specifically interested in the subject. The solution of working with an engaged public and then further using this to spread information is a valuable bridging system between the scientific community and the general public.</p> <br />
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<a name=”conclusion” id = "conclusion"><h2>Conclusion</h2></a><br />
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<p>Our main aim was to address problems in a practical manner while laying groundwork for future iGEM teams to develop on. Only by understanding and embracing these associated problems can we come up with long-term solutions. We feel that the Dundee University iGEM team has made a number of novel steps in the right direction, better defining the purpose of human practices while solidifying the its place within all aspects of synthetic biology.</p><br />
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<h1><a href="/Team:Dundee">The University of Dundee</a></h1><br />
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<h2>Human Practices</h2><br />
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<h3>Topics</h3><br />
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<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#lacking">1. Cooperation is Lacking: <i>collaboration and assistance for St Andrews iGEMMERS</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#safety">2. Safety Concerns.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#skills">.3. Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for iGEMMERS everywhere</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#public">4. An Underengaged Public.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#conclusion">5. Conclusion.</a></p><br />
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<h3>What is “human practices”?</h3><br />
<p>As a team we wanted to analyse and address the society’s relationship with science, and more specifically, synthetic biology. </p><br />
<p>After researching society’s views on synthetic biology we perceived four important problems that we could solve:</p><br />
<p>1. Cooperation between scientists is lacking.</p><br />
<p>2. The public does not perceive synthetic biology to be safe.</p><br />
<p>.3. The key skills required for synthetic biology can be intimidating.</p><br />
<p>4. The general public are not as engaged as they should be.</p><br />
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<a name=”lacking” id = "lacking"><h2>Cooperation is lacking: <i> collaboration with St Andrews</i></h2></a><br />
<p>We believe that cooperation and collaboration are two of the fundamental principles behind the success of synthetic biology. By always keeping these themes at the forefront of our thinking, we could allow them to permeate through our entire project whether it was working directly with another team to reach a common goal, or just making software on multiple platforms to allow more people to use it.</p><br />
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<h3>Eastern iGEM</h3><br />
<p>We were delighted to be able to work closely with the St Andrews iGEM team, who are based just across the Tay Bridge, about 12 miles from Dundee, also on the East coast of Scotland. It was really useful to meet with them and share our experiences. As described later in this section, we worked with them to put on a discussion on the pros and cons of synthetic biology’s place in society to coincide with the World Schools Debating Championships, which were held in Dundee in 2011.</p><br />
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<p>Towards the end of the project we found out that the St Andrews team were having troubles cloning their antimicrobial peptide generator part into the pSB1C3 plasmid. We were pleased to be able to help them troubleshoot their experiments and by working together we were able to successfully clone the part.</p><br />
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<p>The main problem St Andrews were having seemed to be related to the production of new plasmid backbone <i>via</i> PCR with the iGEM specified primer design and specified RFP part. We were able to overcome this problem by carrying out some of their cloning in our lab using their AMP generator and our plasmid backbone which we made by restriction digest of uncut plasmid followed by gel cleanup. While we were doing this St Andrews carried out the same cloning cycle in paralell but using backbone they had generated by PCR. This confirmed that the source of the odd behaviour shown by the St Andrews ligation reactions and by their transformants was likely due to the method of backbone production.</p><br />
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<p>Our troubleshooting experiments led to us being able to provide the St Andrews team with a plate of bacteria containing their part on the desired backbone. Further cooperation between the teams will take place over the coming weeks in order to determine why the PCR based backbone amplification procedure was not working as it should.<br />
It was really great to share our time and resources with them, and we hope there will be a good relationship between the two teams in future iGEM competitions. We wish them the best of luck for the Jamboree.</p><br />
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<h3>Software Advice for other European Teams</h3><br />
<p>Our computer scientists were able to help the TUM iGEM team by offering software advice. Having had difficulties to embed Javascript on their wiki, the TUM team tweeted for assistance. The computer scientists on the Dundee University iGEM team were very happy to help. They tweeted back giving a detailed explanation of what needed to be done. Having followed our advice they tweeted back stating that it was successful. It was interesting to interact with another iGem team we hadn’t met, following the iGEM spirit. We’re excited to meet the team in Amsterdam.</p><br />
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<h3>Submitting Our Parts</h3><br />
<p>When submitting our biobrick parts, we took care to make the parts easily accessible to teams of the future. With new research still carried out into the way the BMC is expressed, and which features are required to form a fully functioning BMC. We hope that by submitting the structural components separately we can encourage other teams to experiment further, for example with the order and composition of the operon. </p><br />
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<a name=”safety” id = "safety"><h2>Safety Concerns</h2></a><br />
<h3>SynBin</h3><br />
<p>We felt the best way to address safety concerns was to evaluate our behaviour in the laboratory, ask ourselves whether it would be acceptable to the general public, and if not, how can we make it more acceptable.</p><br />
<p>This evaluation inspired the “SynBin”, a tool to help future teams share and discuss their accidents (“Syns”). Whether it’s an embarrassing slip or a more serious “Rachelle’s set the lab on fire… again!” all incidents can be posted anonymously in the SynBin’s database. This will allow fellow synthetic biologists to learn from each other’s mistakes and adapt the way they work, creating a safer lab environment for everyone.</p> <br />
<p>By demonstrating how seriously we take health and safety, we can show the public that synthetic biology is being carried out in a safe and controlled environment. We feel that practical solutions like this are the best way forward to a more engaged and accepting public.</p><br />
<p>The SynBin is in late stages of development and we hope for it to go live in the next few weeks.</p><br />
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<a name=”skills” id = "skills"><h2>Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for all</i></h2></a><br />
<h3>Software</h3><br />
<p>One of the first problems any scientist will have on joining the world of synthetic biology is gene cloning. Gene cloning is the method by which DNA molecules can be assembled <i>in vitro</i>, taken up by host cells, and then replicated with the cells as they divide. By speaking with scientists within our building, and by noting the problems we encountered while working, we realised that cloning can be quite intimidating!</p><br />
<p>Two problems we encountered, by no means all, with cloning were as follows:</p><br />
<p>• Different organisms use codons differently. </p><br />
<p>• Making PCR primers is confusing.</p><br />
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<h3>Gene Synthesiser</h3><br />
<p>Many synthetic biology projects involve the heterologous expression of foreign genes in a host such as <i>E. coli</i>/<i>S. cerevisiae</i> etc. For successful and efficient translation, the codon usage of the newly introduced gene must be optimised to match the tRNA pool of the host organism. However, if one simply picked the most common codon for each amino acid, the rate of translation would be extremely fast across the entire gene. This may lead to subtle characteristics of translation being lost. For example, it has been suggested that in certain regions of the gene, the source organism may ‘choose’ a short run of rare codons, in order to slow down translation in that region. This slowing of the emerging polypeptide from the ribosome has been suggested to facilitate the correct folding of the heterologous protein and/or allow time for the insertion of essential co-factors [19]. These regions of "slow" translation, may occur in loops between different domains of the protein. It may be therefore important for certain genes, to maintain this pattern of fast to slow translation in the target organism.</p><br />
<p>“Gene Synthesiser” is a java application that makes this possible by enabling codon usage pattern matching. The application analyses the patterns of codon usage of the gene that one wants to express, in its native organism and generates new synthetic DNA sequence, optimised for the codon usage of the new target organism, yet matching any patterns of rare to common codons. Gene Synthesiser utilises codon usage data for over 35000 organisms. <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[20]</a></b>.</p><br />
<p>To try the Gene Synthesiser for yourself click <a href = "http://www.dave-gibson.net/projects/genesynthesis"><b>HERE</b> </a></p><br />
<p>We also designed a number of mobile applications (Apps). With the development of smart phones, there is now a demand for simple efficient programs that can aid carrying out everyday tasks.</p><br />
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<h3>The Lazy Scientist</h3><br />
<p>The Lazy Scientist is a translation tool. The app has a number of functions including DNA to amino acid translation, back translation, reverse, complement and reverse complement. The app also contains a genetic codon lookup table allowing all corresponding codons for an amino acid to be looked up. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.<p><br />
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<h3>Gene Slicer/Gene Cutter</h3><br />
<p>The Gene Cutter (iPhone app) and The Gene Slicer (Android app) are DNA cutting tools. The apps have two functions to help restriction mapping of nucleotide sequences. The apps are able to search a sequence for a specific enzyme and can also return a list of enzymes not present in the sequence. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.</p><br />
<p>To date there have been over <b>1200 downloads</b> from all over the world. Making apps will increase the accessibility of synthetic biology, allowing scientists to have portable tools to aid them in synthetic biology wherever they are.</p><br />
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<a name=”public” id = "public"><h2>An Unengaged Public</h2></a><br />
<h3>A Panel Discussion at the 2011 World School Debating Chapionships</h3><br />
<p>To try to engage members of the public, we collaborated with St Andrews iGEM to organise a debate/discussion to coincide with the World School Debating Dhampionships (WSDC). The WSDC is an annual global event with High School students from different cultures and backgrounds, competing and debating on current issues. The WSDC has been an annual competition since 1988 and has been hosted in exotic locations around the world such as Sydney, Lima and Singapore. This year it was held in Dundee, Scotland. In the past, the Championships have had Nelson Mandela and Tony Blair participating as patrons.</p><br />
<p>We felt that the aims and objectives of the WSDC which focus on international understanding would be a good incentive for us to introduce and encourage interest in the relatively controversial field of synthetic biology. Many of the participating WSDC students are potential leaders. The knowledge of Synthetic Biology would be advantageous to future global decisions. By being able to link politics and Synthetic Biology, political promotion of the subject can greatly be enhanced and Synthetic Biology can have a larger beneficial role.</p><br />
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<p>After having decided to collaborate with the iGEM team of St Andrews, we set up a meeting where both teams and Jon Urch, of Revealing Research Dundee, brainstormed ideas for the event. Our first plan was a panel debate, where we would first give a short introduction on synthetic biology (giving a description of synthetic biology and discussing its benefits and limitations) and then allow the students to perform a debate. After lots of discussion we chose to give a longer presentation and then have an open discussion where both the St Andrews and Dundee team form a panel where the audience could direct questions and/or discuss among themselves. In the meetings prior to the discussion, we chose to divide the presentation into two parts: the positive and the negative aspects of Synthetic Biology. The responsibility of the negative aspects was held by the St Andrews team while we prepared for the introduction and discussing the benefits of Synthetic Biology.</p><br />
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<p>On the 21st of August 2011 we held the discussion on Synthetic Biology at The Union in The University of Dundee. At the beginning of our presentation, the audience was asked if they knew anything about synthetic biology and what their opinion regarding it was. Only one person in the audience said that they were opposed to Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Arguments</h3><br />
<p>Synthetic Biology is hard to define, even scientist struggle with the definition. We thus began our presentation by showing what synthetic biology may be defined as. The following definition was used: “ (a) the design and fabrication of biological components and systems that do not already exist in the natural world (b) the re-design and fabrication of existing biological systems” (source: http://syntheticbiology.org/FAQ.html).</p><br />
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<p>Though to describe Synthetic Biology as engineering is a controversial matter, as Simon Munnery says “The engineering equivalent of genetic engineering is to get a bunch of concrete and steel, throw it into a river, and if you can walk across, call it a bridge”. We also thought we would briefly explain in our introduction, how the concept of Synthetic Biology worked; explaining how we use bacterial DNA to give a different function to yeast, and the basic concept of biobricks. We introduced what iGEM was, its goals and past projects, such as the arsenic biosensor. We proceeded to discuss the influence of media and public perception in Synthetic Biology. Breakthroughs such as the organism designed from scratch by Craig Venter has lead to a lot of worry in the general public that scientists are tampering with life. It is mostly fear and lack of understanding, which will slow down the development of useful products through Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<p>The rest of the presentation was used to explain the benefits of Synthetic Biology in more detail. Synthetic Biology is unique in it being able to design and create a product which can suit a specific need. There are many areas in which this would be useful. Synthetic Biology is applicable in renewable energy where research into bio alcohols, photosynthetic algae and hydrogen fuel is looking to solve the global dependence on fossil fuels and reducing damaging emissions. Synthetic Biology has in the past been used to create effective medicines, such recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin from bacteria. Cheaper pharmaceuticals to treat malaria are also being designed and tested by the use of Synthetic Biology. In the future synthetic biology might be able to produce personalized medicine. The use of Synthetic Biology extends even further. Agriculture and environment protection can be substantially improved. </p><br />
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<p>Synthetic biologists are testing disease resistant and high yield plants. These can be complemented with environmentally friendly and safe micro-organism which can reduce water dependence and eliminate chemical fertilizers. They are using experiments that entail combining metabolic components from different organism to improve nutritional components in plants, like increased amounts of food grade protein. This could be a great and efficient way to help famine stricken areas. In addition, Scientists are also looking into naturally occurring oil-devouring micro-organisms which can help in developing new methods to reduce pollution. Natural occurring and environmentally friendly “Wetting agents” or biosurfactant’s produced by bacteria, yeasts or fungi, are potential solutions to damage from pollutants. Synthetic Biologists may be able to isolate the constituent of biosurfactants produced from a microbe and design them to clean up precise locations of a spill or polluted area.</p><br />
<p>Another relevant example is the use of synthetic bio-films to be used as environmental biosensors. These could be beneficial for sensing nutrient quality or areas of environmental degradation in the soil. </p><br />
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<p>The presentation ended with a quote from Alistair Elfick of the University of Edinburgh:</p><br />
<p>“It is envisaged that synthetic biology may be able to contribute to resolving many of the challenges facing us in the 21st Century. The potential applications are immense. We can make devices to produce fuel or animal food from our waste; we can make devices to soak up carbon from the atmosphere and lock it away; we can make devices to synthesise plastics without the need to use oil; we can make devices to sense pollutants; we can make devices to create new drugs. Indeed, synthetic biology holds huge potential to impact positively on our daily lives.” (source: http://www.synbiostandards.co.uk/about_synbio.php) </p><br />
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<p>The second part of the presentation was handed over to the St Andrews team who outlined and discussed the negative aspects and limitations of synthetic biology.<br />
St Andrews began by discussing the role of bioterrorism within synthetic biology. Explaining that since the open source approach used in Synthetic Biology can be used by anyone, it is possible to create a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. The example used here was the assembly of Polio from mail order oligonucleotides. Other potential harmful effects include any organism that escapes the lab into the environment. The consequences of this are potentially dangerous. The bacteria could either colonize people causing harmful effects or even be lethal. In addition, the bacteria could potentially out compete other natural flora. This danger stresses the need for scientists to test their synthetic bacteria in the open environment. For example, the arsenic sensor that was produced by an iGEM team needs to be used in an open environment in order to fulfill its use. There is a possibility here that the bacteria becomes endemic in the environment during the test, causing lethal or severe damage to animals, plants or humans before one could destroy the bacteria. The St Andrews team then proceeded to discuss the ethical duty and responsibility of GEMs. Questions such as who defines what life is, and whether scientists alone should define life, were discussed by St Andrews. The controversial concept of scientist playing god through synthetic biology was discussed, emphasizing the issue that scientist might end up modifying biological systems before they properly understand them. Dual-use dilemma was discussed in which the nuclear fission experiments in 20th Century was used as an example. </p><br />
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<p>St Andrews used the last part of their presentation to explain that though these issues are pressing there are many ways that they can be prevented. It is foremost, for scientist worldwide to be primarily concerned with the protection of the public. In actual fact Bioterrorism is realistically not a big threat because there are large amounts of resources required to synthesize and produce a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. In addition, the risk of colonization of synthetic bacteria is also very small, as they would most likely be out competed by their naturally occurring counterparts in an open environment. Using the kill switch (which the St Andrews iGEM team 2011 has built) as an example, cell level safeguards, along with laboratory protocols and transportation procedures can be tailored to substantially eliminate any big threat in Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Response</h3><br />
<p>A lot of interesting questions were raised after the presentations. Among them where issues on patenting, and someone had read an inaccurate representation of a scientific discovery/breakthrough in the press. The Dundee team emphasized the danger of incorrect coverage of science in the media. There was a suggestion that Synthetic Biology could have a fact check website, like politics have, where journalists could evaluate the credibility of media’s coverage on a topic.</p><br />
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<p><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:St_Andrews/debate"><b>View Debate Information and Powerpoint Presentations Here at our Friends' wiki</b></a> </p><br />
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<h3>University of Dundee Open Day: 12th November 2011</h3><br />
<p>To conclude our human practices project the team will take part in a university wide open day in November. We will use an iGEM stand to explain the vision of synthetic biology and clarify any myths surrounding the area. A short demonstration will be used to explain our project and the potential of the Sphereactor. Using the concerns and questions that were raised during the discussion portion of the debate. The stand will be present throughout the whole of the open day providing an opportunity to speak to a large number of people with an active interest in science. The open day is more than just an opportunity to educate people about synthetic biology. We feel that it fits into our program of offering solutions rather than just philosophically wondering about the state of synthetic biology. By using university open days, we will target a group of inquisitive and interested people. We believe this will be a more effective marketing campaign than wider focus events that broadly target the community in a context were people are not specifically interested in the subject. The solution of working with an engaged public and then further using this to spread information is a valuable bridging system between the scientific community and the general public.</p> <br />
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<a name=”conclusion” id = "conclusion"><h2>Conclusion</h2></a><br />
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<p>Our main aim was to address problems in a practical manner while laying groundwork for future iGEM teams to develop on. Only by understanding and embracing these associated problems can we come up with long-term solutions. We feel that the Dundee University iGEM team has made a number of novel steps in the right direction, better defining the purpose of human practices while solidifying the its place within all aspects of synthetic biology.</p><br />
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<li class="current_page_item"><a href="/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices" title="Human Practices">Human Practices</a></li><br />
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<h2>Human Practices</h2><br />
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<h3>Topics</h3><br />
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<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#lacking">1. Cooperation is Lacking: <i>collaboration and assistance for St Andrews iGEMMERS</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#safety">2. Safety Concerns.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#skills">.3. Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for iGEMMERS everywhere</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#public">4. An Underengaged Public.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#conclusion">5. Conclusion.</a></p><br />
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<h3>What is “human practices”?</h3><br />
<p>As a team we wanted to analyse and address the society’s relationship with science, and more specifically, synthetic biology. </p><br />
<p>After researching society’s views on synthetic biology we perceived four important problems that we could solve:</p><br />
<p>1. Cooperation between scientists is lacking.</p><br />
<p>2. The public does not perceive synthetic biology to be safe.</p><br />
<p>.3. The key skills required for synthetic biology can be intimidating.</p><br />
<p>4. The general public are not as engaged as they should be.</p><br />
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<a name=”lacking” id = "lacking"><h2>Cooperation is lacking: <i> collaboration with St Andrews</i></h2></a><br />
<p>We believe that cooperation and collaboration are two of the fundamental principles behind the success of synthetic biology. By always keeping these themes at the forefront of our thinking, we could allow them to permeate through our entire project whether it was working directly with another team to reach a common goal, or just making software on multiple platforms to allow more people to use it.</p><br />
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<h3>Eastern iGEM</h3><br />
<p>We were delighted to be able to work closely with the St Andrews iGEM team, who are based just across the Tay Bridge, about 12 miles from Dundee, also on the East coast of Scotland. It was really useful to meet with them and share our experiences. As described later in this section, we worked with them to put on a discussion on the pros and cons of synthetic biology’s place in society to coincide with the World Schools Debating Championships, which were held in Dundee in 2011.</p><br />
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<p>Towards the end of the project we found out that the St Andrews team were having troubles cloning their antimicrobial peptide generator part into the pSB1C3 plasmid. We were pleased to be able to help them troubleshoot their experiments and by working together we were able to successfully clone the part.</p><br />
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<p>The main problem St Andrews were having seemed to be related to the production of new plasmid backbone <i>via</i> PCR with the iGEM specified primer design and specified RFP part. We were able to overcome this problem by carrying out some of their cloning in our lab using their AMP generator and our plasmid backbone which we made by restriction digest of uncut plasmid followed by gel cleanup. While we were doing this St Andrews carried out the same cloning cycle in paralell but using backbone they had generated by PCR. This confirmed that the source of the odd behaviour shown by the St Andrews ligation reactions and by their transformants was likely due to the method of backbone production.</p><br />
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<p>Our troubleshooting experiments led to us being able to provide the St Andrews team with a plate of bacteria containing their part on the desired backbone. Further cooperation between the teams will take place over the coming weeks in order to determine why the PCR based backbone amplification procedure was not working as it should.<br />
It was really great to share our time and resources with them, and we hope there will be a good relationship between the two teams in future iGEM competitions. We wish them the best of luck for the Jamboree.</p><br />
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<h3>Software Advice for other European Teams</h3><br />
<p>Our computer scientists were able to help the TUM iGEM team by offering software advice. Having had difficulties to embed Javascript on their wiki, the TUM team tweeted for assistance. The computer scientists on the Dundee University iGEM team were very happy to help. They tweeted back giving a detailed explanation of what needed to be done. Having followed our advice they tweeted back stating that it was successful. It was interesting to interact with another iGem team we hadn’t met, following the iGEM spirit. We’re excited to meet the team in Amsterdam.</p><br />
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<h3>Submitting Our Parts</h3><br />
<p>When submitting our biobrick parts, we took care to make the parts easily accessible to teams of the future. With new research still carried out into the way the BMC is expressed, and which features are required to form a fully functioning BMC. We hope that by submitting the structural components separately we can encourage other teams to experiment further, for example with the order and composition of the operon. </p><br />
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<a name=”safety” id = "safety"><h2>Safety Concerns</h2></a><br />
<h3>SynBin</h3><br />
<p>We felt the best way to address safety concerns was to evaluate our behaviour in the laboratory, ask ourselves whether it would be acceptable to the general public, and if not, how can we make it more acceptable.</p><br />
<p>This evaluation inspired the “SynBin”, a tool to help future teams share and discuss their accidents (“Syns”). Whether it’s an embarrassing slip or a more serious “Rachelle’s set the lab on fire… again!” all incidents can be posted anonymously in the SynBin’s database. This will allow fellow synthetic biologists to learn from each other’s mistakes and adapt the way they work, creating a safer lab environment for everyone.</p> <br />
<p>By demonstrating how seriously we take health and safety, we can show the public that synthetic biology is being carried out in a safe and controlled environment. We feel that practical solutions like this are the best way forward to a more engaged and accepting public.</p><br />
<p>The SynBin is in late stages of development and we hope for it to go live in the next few weeks.</p><br />
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<a name=”skills” id = "skills"><h2>Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for all</i></h2></a><br />
<h3>Software</h3><br />
<p>One of the first problems any scientist will have on joining the world of synthetic biology is gene cloning. Gene cloning is the method by which DNA molecules can be assembled <i>in vitro</i>, taken up by host cells, and then replicated with the cells as they divide. By speaking with scientists within our building, and by noting the problems we encountered while working, we realised that cloning can be quite intimidating!</p><br />
<p>Two problems we encountered, by no means all, with cloning were as follows:</p><br />
<p>• Different organisms use codons differently. </p><br />
<p>• Making PCR primers is confusing.</p><br />
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<h3>Gene Synthesiser</h3><br />
<p>Many synthetic biology projects involve the heterologous expression of foreign genes in a host such as <i>E. coli</i>/<i>S. cerevisiae</i> etc. For successful and efficient translation, the codon usage of the newly introduced gene must be optimised to match the tRNA pool of the host organism. However, if one simply picked the most common codon for each amino acid, the rate of translation would be extremely fast across the entire gene. This may lead to subtle characteristics of translation being lost. For example, it has been suggested that in certain regions of the gene, the source organism may ‘choose’ a short run of rare codons, in order to slow down translation in that region. This slowing of the emerging polypeptide from the ribosome has been suggested to facilitate the correct folding of the heterologous protein and/or allow time for the insertion of essential co-factors [19]. These regions of "slow" translation, may occur in loops between different domains of the protein. It may be therefore important for certain genes, to maintain this pattern of fast to slow translation in the target organism.</p><br />
<p>“Gene Synthesiser” is a java application that makes this possible by enabling codon usage pattern matching. The application analyses the patterns of codon usage of the gene that one wants to express, in its native organism and generates new synthetic DNA sequence, optimised for the codon usage of the new target organism, yet matching any patterns of rare to common codons. Gene Synthesiser utilises codon usage data for over 35000 organisms. <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[20]</a></b>.</p><br />
<p>To try the Gene Synthesiser for yourself click <a href = "http://www.dave-gibson.net/projects/genesynthesis"><b>HERE</b> </a></p><br />
<p>We also designed a number of mobile applications (Apps). With the development of smart phones, there is now a demand for simple efficient programs that can aid carrying out everyday tasks.</p><br />
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<h3>The Lazy Scientist</h3><br />
<p>The Lazy Scientist is a translation tool. The app has a number of functions including DNA to amino acid translation, back translation, reverse, complement and reverse complement. The app also contains a genetic codon lookup table allowing all corresponding codons for an amino acid to be looked up. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.<p><br />
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<h3>Gene Slicer/Gene Cutter</h3><br />
<p>The Gene Cutter (iPhone app) and The Gene Slicer (Android app) are DNA cutting tools. The apps have two functions to help restriction mapping of nucleotide sequences. The apps are able to search a sequence for a specific enzyme and can also return a list of enzymes not present in the sequence. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.</p><br />
<p>To date there have been over <b>1200 downloads</b> from all over the world. Making apps will increase the accessibility of synthetic biology, allowing scientists to have portable tools to aid them in synthetic biology wherever they are.</p><br />
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<a name=”public” id = "public"><h2>An Unengaged Public</h2></a><br />
<h3>A Panel Discussion at the 2011 World School Debating Chapionships</h3><br />
<p>To try to engage members of the public, we collaborated with St Andrews iGEM to organise a debate/discussion to coincide with the World School Debating Dhampionships (WSDC). The WSDC is an annual global event with High School students from different cultures and backgrounds, competing and debating on current issues. The WSDC has been an annual competition since 1988 and has been hosted in exotic locations around the world such as Sydney, Lima and Singapore. This year it was held in Dundee, Scotland. In the past, the Championships have had Nelson Mandela and Tony Blair participating as patrons.</p><br />
<p>We felt that the aims and objectives of the WSDC which focus on international understanding would be a good incentive for us to introduce and encourage interest in the relatively controversial field of synthetic biology. Many of the participating WSDC students are potential leaders. The knowledge of Synthetic Biology would be advantageous to future global decisions. By being able to link politics and Synthetic Biology, political promotion of the subject can greatly be enhanced and Synthetic Biology can have a larger beneficial role.</p><br />
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<p>After having decided to collaborate with the iGEM team of St Andrews, we set up a meeting where both teams and Jon Urch, of Revealing Research Dundee, brainstormed ideas for the event. Our first plan was a panel debate, where we would first give a short introduction on synthetic biology (giving a description of synthetic biology and discussing its benefits and limitations) and then allow the students to perform a debate. After lots of discussion we chose to give a longer presentation and then have an open discussion where both the St Andrews and Dundee team form a panel where the audience could direct questions and/or discuss among themselves. In the meetings prior to the discussion, we chose to divide the presentation into two parts: the positive and the negative aspects of Synthetic Biology. The responsibility of the negative aspects was held by the St Andrews team while we prepared for the introduction and discussing the benefits of Synthetic Biology.</p><br />
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<p>On the 21st of August 2011 we held the discussion on Synthetic Biology at The Union in The University of Dundee. At the beginning of our presentation, the audience was asked if they knew anything about synthetic biology and what their opinion regarding it was. Only one person in the audience said that they were opposed to Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Arguments</h3><br />
<p>Synthetic Biology is hard to define, even scientist struggle with the definition. We thus began our presentation by showing what synthetic biology may be defined as. The following definition was used: “ (a) the design and fabrication of biological components and systems that do not already exist in the natural world (b) the re-design and fabrication of existing biological systems” (source: http://syntheticbiology.org/FAQ.html).</p><br />
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<p>Though to describe Synthetic Biology as engineering is a controversial matter, as Simon Munnery says “The engineering equivalent of genetic engineering is to get a bunch of concrete and steel, throw it into a river, and if you can walk across, call it a bridge”. We also thought we would briefly explain in our introduction, how the concept of Synthetic Biology worked; explaining how we use bacterial DNA to give a different function to yeast, and the basic concept of biobricks. We introduced what iGEM was, its goals and past projects, such as the arsenic biosensor. We proceeded to discuss the influence of media and public perception in Synthetic Biology. Breakthroughs such as the organism designed from scratch by Craig Venter has lead to a lot of worry in the general public that scientists are tampering with life. It is mostly fear and lack of understanding, which will slow down the development of useful products through Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<p>The rest of the presentation was used to explain the benefits of Synthetic Biology in more detail. Synthetic Biology is unique in it being able to design and create a product which can suit a specific need. There are many areas in which this would be useful. Synthetic Biology is applicable in renewable energy where research into bio alcohols, photosynthetic algae and hydrogen fuel is looking to solve the global dependence on fossil fuels and reducing damaging emissions. Synthetic Biology has in the past been used to create effective medicines, such recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin from bacteria. Cheaper pharmaceuticals to treat malaria are also being designed and tested by the use of Synthetic Biology. In the future synthetic biology might be able to produce personalized medicine. The use of Synthetic Biology extends even further. Agriculture and environment protection can be substantially improved. </p><br />
<p>Synthetic biologists are testing disease resistant and high yield plants. These can be complemented with environmentally friendly and safe micro-organism which can reduce water dependence and eliminate chemical fertilizers. They are using experiments that entail combining metabolic components from different organism to improve nutritional components in plants, like increased amounts of food grade protein. This could be a great and efficient way to help famine stricken areas. In addition, Scientists are also looking into naturally occurring oil-devouring micro-organisms which can help in developing new methods to reduce pollution. Natural occurring and environmentally friendly “Wetting agents” or biosurfactant’s produced by bacteria, yeasts or fungi, are potential solutions to damage from pollutants. Synthetic Biologists may be able to isolate the constituent of biosurfactants produced from a microbe and design them to clean up precise locations of a spill or polluted area.</p><br />
<p>Another relevant example is the use of synthetic bio-films to be used as environmental biosensors. These could be beneficial for sensing nutrient quality or areas of environmental degradation in the soil. </p><br />
<p>The presentation ended with a quote from Alistair Elfick of the University of Edinburgh:</p><br />
<p>“It is envisaged that synthetic biology may be able to contribute to resolving many of the challenges facing us in the 21st Century. The potential applications are immense. We can make devices to produce fuel or animal food from our waste; we can make devices to soak up carbon from the atmosphere and lock it away; we can make devices to synthesise plastics without the need to use oil; we can make devices to sense pollutants; we can make devices to create new drugs. Indeed, synthetic biology holds huge potential to impact positively on our daily lives.” (source: http://www.synbiostandards.co.uk/about_synbio.php) </p><br />
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<p>The second part of the presentation was handed over to the St Andrews team who outlined and discussed the negative aspects and limitations of synthetic biology.<br />
St Andrews began by discussing the role of bioterrorism within synthetic biology. Explaining that since the open source approach used in Synthetic Biology can be used by anyone, it is possible to create a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. The example used here was the assembly of Polio from mail order oligonucleotides. Other potential harmful effects include any organism that escapes the lab into the environment. The consequences of this are potentially dangerous. The bacteria could either colonize people causing harmful effects or even be lethal. In addition, the bacteria could potentially out compete other natural flora. This danger stresses the need for scientists to test their synthetic bacteria in the open environment. For example, the arsenic sensor that was produced by an iGEM team needs to be used in an open environment in order to fulfill its use. There is a possibility here that the bacteria becomes endemic in the environment during the test, causing lethal or severe damage to animals, plants or humans before one could destroy the bacteria. The St Andrews team then proceeded to discuss the ethical duty and responsibility of GEMs. Questions such as who defines what life is, and whether scientists alone should define life, were discussed by St Andrews. The controversial concept of scientist playing god through synthetic biology was discussed, emphasizing the issue that scientist might end up modifying biological systems before they properly understand them. Dual-use dilemma was discussed in which the nuclear fission experiments in 20th Century was used as an example. </p><br />
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<p>St Andrews used the last part of their presentation to explain that though these issues are pressing there are many ways that they can be prevented. It is foremost, for scientist worldwide to be primarily concerned with the protection of the public. In actual fact Bioterrorism is realistically not a big threat because there are large amounts of resources required to synthesize and produce a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. In addition, the risk of colonization of synthetic bacteria is also very small, as they would most likely be out competed by their naturally occurring counterparts in an open environment. Using the kill switch (which the St Andrews iGEM team 2011 has built) as an example, cell level safeguards, along with laboratory protocols and transportation procedures can be tailored to substantially eliminate any big threat in Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Response</h3><br />
<p>A lot of interesting questions were raised after the presentations. Among them where issues on patenting, and someone had read an inaccurate representation of a scientific discovery/breakthrough in the press. The Dundee team emphasized the danger of incorrect coverage of science in the media. There was a suggestion that Synthetic Biology could have a fact check website, like politics have, where journalists could evaluate the credibility of media’s coverage on a topic.</p><br />
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<p><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:St_Andrews/debate"><b>View Debate Information and Powerpoint Presentations Here at our Friends' wiki</b></a> </p><br />
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<h3>University of Dundee Open Day: 12th November 2011</h3><br />
<p>To conclude our human practices project the team will take part in a university wide open day in November. We will use an iGEM stand to explain the vision of synthetic biology and clarify any myths surrounding the area. A short demonstration will be used to explain our project and the potential of the Sphereactor. Using the concerns and questions that were raised during the discussion portion of the debate. The stand will be present throughout the whole of the open day providing an opportunity to speak to a large number of people with an active interest in science. The open day is more than just an opportunity to educate people about synthetic biology. We feel that it fits into our program of offering solutions rather than just philosophically wondering about the state of synthetic biology. By using university open days, we will target a group of inquisitive and interested people. We believe this will be a more effective marketing campaign than wider focus events that broadly target the community in a context were people are not specifically interested in the subject. The solution of working with an engaged public and then further using this to spread information is a valuable bridging system between the scientific community and the general public.</p> <br />
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<a name=”conclusion” id = "conclusion"><h2>Conclusion</h2></a><br />
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<p>Our main aim was to address problems in a practical manner while laying groundwork for future iGEM teams to develop on. Only by understanding and embracing these associated problems can we come up with long-term solutions. We feel that the Dundee University iGEM team has made a number of novel steps in the right direction, better defining the purpose of human practices while solidifying the its place within all aspects of synthetic biology.</p><br />
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</html></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/HumanPracticesTeam:Dundee/HumanPractices2011-09-21T21:38:58Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<h2>Human Practices</h2><br />
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<h3>Topics</h3><br />
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<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#lacking">1. Cooperation is Lacking: <i>collaboration and assistance for St Andrews iGEMMERS</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#safety">2. Safety Concerns.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#skills">.3. Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for iGEMMERS everywhere</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#public">4. An Underengaged Public.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#conclusion">5. Conclusion.</a></p><br />
<br />
<h3>What is “human practices”?</h3><br />
<p>As a team we wanted to analyse and address the society’s relationship with science, and more specifically, synthetic biology. </p><br />
<p>After researching society’s views on synthetic biology we perceived four important problems that we could solve:</p><br />
<p>1. Cooperation between scientists is lacking.</p><br />
<p>2. The public does not perceive synthetic biology to be safe.</p><br />
<p>.3. The key skills required for synthetic biology can be intimidating.</p><br />
<p>4. The general public are not as engaged as they should be.</p><br />
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<a name=”lacking” id = "lacking"><h2>Cooperation is lacking: <i> collaboration with St Andrews</i></h2></a><br />
<p>We believe that cooperation and collaboration are two of the fundamental principles behind the success of synthetic biology. By always keeping these themes at the forefront of our thinking, we could allow them to permeate through our entire project whether it was working directly with another team to reach a common goal, or just making software on multiple platforms to allow more people to use it.</p><br />
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<h3>Eastern iGEM</h3><br />
<p>We were delighted to be able to work closely with the St Andrews iGEM team, who are based just across the Tay Bridge, about 12 miles from Dundee, also on the East coast of Scotland. It was really useful to meet with them and share our experiences. As described later in this section, we worked with them to put on a discussion on the pros and cons of synthetic biology’s place in society to coincide with the World Schools Debating Championships, which were held in Dundee in 2011.</p><br />
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<p>Towards the end of the project we found out that the St Andrews team were having troubles cloning their antimicrobial peptide generator part into the pSB1C3 plasmid. We were pleased to be able to help them troubleshoot their experiments and by working together we were able to successfully clone the part.</p><br />
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<p>The main problem St Andrews were having seemed to be related to the production of new plasmid backbone <i>via</i> PCR with the iGEM specified primer design and specified RFP part. We were able to overcome this problem by carrying out some of their cloning in our lab using their AMP generator and our plasmid backbone which we made by restriction digest of uncut plasmid followed by gel cleanup. While we were doing this St Andrews carried out the same cloning cycle in paralell but using backbone they had generated by PCR. This confirmed that the source of the odd behaviour shown by the St Andrews ligation reactions and by their transformants was likely due to the method of backbone production.</p><br />
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<p>Our troubleshooting experiments led to us being able to provide the St Andrews team with a plate of bacteria containing their part on the desired backbone. Further cooperation between the teams will take place over the coming weeks in order to determine why the PCR based backbone amplification procedure was not working as it should.<br />
It was really great to share our time and resources with them, and we hope there will be a good relationship between the two teams in future iGEM competitions. We wish them the best of luck for the Jamboree.</p><br />
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<h3>Software Advice for other European Teams</h3><br />
<p>Our computer scientists were able to help the TUM iGEM team by offering software advice. Having had difficulties to embed Javascript on their wiki, the TUM team tweeted for assistance. The computer scientists on the Dundee University iGEM team were very happy to help. They tweeted back giving a detailed explanation of what needed to be done. Having followed our advice they tweeted back stating that it was successful. It was interesting to interact with another iGem team we hadn’t met, following the iGEM spirit. We’re excited to meet the team in Amsterdam.</p><br />
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<h3>Submitting Our Parts</h3><br />
<p>When submitting our biobrick parts, we took care to make the parts easily accessible to teams of the future. With new research still carried out into the way the BMC is expressed, and which features are required to form a fully functioning BMC. We hope that by submitting the structural components separately we can encourage other teams to experiment further, for example with the order and composition of the operon. </p><br />
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<a name=”safety” id = "safety"><h2>Safety Concerns</h2></a><br />
<h3>SynBin</h3><br />
<p>We felt the best way to address safety concerns was to evaluate our behaviour in the laboratory, ask ourselves whether it would be acceptable to the general public, and if not, how can we make it more acceptable.</p><br />
<p>This evaluation inspired the “SynBin”, a tool to help future teams share and discuss their accidents (“Syns”). Whether it’s an embarrassing slip or a more serious “Rachelle’s set the lab on fire… again!” all incidents can be posted anonymously in the SynBin’s database. This will allow fellow synthetic biologists to learn from each other’s mistakes and adapt the way they work, creating a safer lab environment for everyone.</p> <br />
<p>By demonstrating how seriously we take health and safety, we can show the public that synthetic biology is being carried out in a safe and controlled environment. We feel that practical solutions like this are the best way forward to a more engaged and accepting public.</p><br />
<p>The SynBin is in late stages of development and we hope for it to go live in the next few weeks.</p><br />
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<a name=”skills” id = "skills"><h2>Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for all</i></h2></a><br />
<h3>Software</h3><br />
<p>One of the first problems any scientist will have on joining the world of synthetic biology is gene cloning. Gene cloning is the method by which DNA molecules can be assembled <i>in vitro</i>, taken up by host cells, and then replicated with the cells as they divide. By speaking with scientists within our building, and by noting the problems we encountered while working, we realised that cloning can be quite intimidating!</p><br />
<p>Two problems we encountered, by no means all, with cloning were as follows:</p><br />
<p>• Different organisms use codons differently. </p><br />
<p>• Making PCR primers is confusing.</p><br />
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<h3>Gene Synthesiser</h3><br />
<p>Many synthetic biology projects involve the heterologous expression of foreign genes in a host such as <i>E. coli</i>/<i>S. cerevisiae</i> etc. For successful and efficient translation, the codon usage of the newly introduced gene must be optimised to match the tRNA pool of the host organism. However, if one simply picked the most common codon for each amino acid, the rate of translation would be extremely fast across the entire gene. This may lead to subtle characteristics of translation being lost. For example, it has been suggested that in certain regions of the gene, the source organism may ‘choose’ a short run of rare codons, in order to slow down translation in that region. This slowing of the emerging polypeptide from the ribosome has been suggested to facilitate the correct folding of the heterologous protein and/or allow time for the insertion of essential co-factors [19]. These regions of "slow" translation, may occur in loops between different domains of the protein. It may be therefore important for certain genes, to maintain this pattern of fast to slow translation in the target organism.</p><br />
<p>“Gene Synthesiser” is a java application that makes this possible by enabling codon usage pattern matching. The application analyses the patterns of codon usage of the gene that one wants to express, in its native organism and generates new synthetic DNA sequence, optimised for the codon usage of the new target organism, yet matching any patterns of rare to common codons. Gene Synthesiser utilises codon usage data for over 35000 organisms. <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[20]</a></b>.</p><br />
<p>To try the Gene Synthesiser for yourself click <a href = "http://www.dave-gibson.net/projects/genesynthesis"><b>HERE</b> </a></p><br />
<p>We also designed a number of mobile applications (Apps). With the development of smart phones, there is now a demand for simple efficient programs that can aid carrying out everyday tasks.</p><br />
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<h3>The Lazy Scientist</h3><br />
<p>The Lazy Scientist is a translation tool. The app has a number of functions including DNA to amino acid translation, back translation, reverse, complement and reverse complement. The app also contains a genetic codon lookup table allowing all corresponding codons for an amino acid to be looked up. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.<p><br />
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<h3>Gene Slicer/Gene Cutter</h3><br />
<p>The Gene Cutter (iPhone app) and The Gene Slicer (Android app) are DNA cutting tools. The apps have two functions to help restriction mapping of nucleotide sequences. The apps are able to search a sequence for a specific enzyme and can also return a list of enzymes not present in the sequence. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.</p><br />
<p>To date there have been over <b>1200 downloads</b> from all over the world. Making apps will increase the accessibility of synthetic biology, allowing scientists to have portable tools to aid them in synthetic biology wherever they are.</p><br />
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<a name=”public” id = "public"><h2>An Unengaged Public</h2></a><br />
<h3>A Panel Discussion at the 2011 World School Debating Chapionships</h3><br />
<p>To try to engage members of the public, we collaborated with St Andrews iGEM to organise a debate/discussion to coincide with the World School Debating Dhampionships (WSDC). The WSDC is an annual global event with High School students from different cultures and backgrounds, competing and debating on current issues. The WSDC has been an annual competition since 1988 and has been hosted in exotic locations around the world such as Sydney, Lima and Singapore. This year it was held in Dundee, Scotland. In the past, the Championships have had Nelson Mandela and Tony Blair participating as patrons.</p><br />
<p>We felt that the aims and objectives of the WSDC which focus on international understanding would be a good incentive for us to introduce and encourage interest in the relatively controversial field of synthetic biology. Many of the participating WSDC students are potential leaders. The knowledge of Synthetic Biology would be advantageous to future global decisions. By being able to link politics and Synthetic Biology, political promotion of the subject can greatly be enhanced and Synthetic Biology can have a larger beneficial role.</p><br />
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<p>After having decided to collaborate with the iGEM team of St Andrews, we set up a meeting where both teams and Jon Urch, of Revealing Research Dundee, brainstormed ideas for the event. Our first plan was a panel debate, where we would first give a short introduction on synthetic biology (giving a description of synthetic biology and discussing its benefits and limitations) and then allow the students to perform a debate. After lots of discussion we chose to give a longer presentation and then have an open discussion where both the St Andrews and Dundee team form a panel where the audience could direct questions and/or discuss among themselves. In the meetings prior to the discussion, we chose to divide the presentation into two parts: the positive and the negative aspects of Synthetic Biology. The responsibility of the negative aspects was held by the St Andrews team while we prepared for the introduction and discussing the benefits of Synthetic Biology.</p><br />
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<p>On the 21st of August 2011 we held the discussion on Synthetic Biology at The Union in The University of Dundee. At the beginning of our presentation, the audience was asked if they knew anything about synthetic biology and what their opinion regarding it was. Only one person in the audience said that they were opposed to Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Arguments</h3><br />
<p>Synthetic Biology is hard to define, even scientist struggle with the definition. We thus began our presentation by showing what synthetic biology may be defined as. The following definition was used: “ (a) the design and fabrication of biological components and systems that do not already exist in the natural world (b) the re-design and fabrication of existing biological systems” (source: http://syntheticbiology.org/FAQ.html).</p><br />
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<p>Though to describe Synthetic Biology as engineering is a controversial matter, as Simon Munnery says “The engineering equivalent of genetic engineering is to get a bunch of concrete and steel, throw it into a river, and if you can walk across, call it a bridge”. We also thought we would briefly explain in our introduction, how the concept of Synthetic Biology worked; explaining how we use bacterial DNA to give a different function to yeast, and the basic concept of biobricks. We introduced what iGEM was, its goals and past projects, such as the arsenic biosensor. We proceeded to discuss the influence of media and public perception in Synthetic Biology. Breakthroughs such as the organism designed from scratch by Craig Venter has lead to a lot of worry in the general public that scientists are tampering with life. It is mostly fear and lack of understanding, which will slow down the development of useful products through Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<p>The rest of the presentation was used to explain the benefits of Synthetic Biology in more detail. Synthetic Biology is unique in it being able to design and create a product which can suit a specific need. There are many areas in which this would be useful. Synthetic Biology is applicable in renewable energy where research into bio alcohols, photosynthetic algae and hydrogen fuel is looking to solve the global dependence on fossil fuels and reducing damaging emissions. Synthetic Biology has in the past been used to create effective medicines, such recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin from bacteria. Cheaper pharmaceuticals to treat malaria are also being designed and tested by the use of Synthetic Biology. In the future synthetic biology might be able to produce personalized medicine. The use of Synthetic Biology extends even further. Agriculture and environment protection can be substantially improved. </p><br />
<p>Synthetic biologists are testing disease resistant and high yield plants. These can be complemented with environmentally friendly and safe micro-organism which can reduce water dependence and eliminate chemical fertilizers. They are using experiments that entail combining metabolic components from different organism to improve nutritional components in plants, like increased amounts of food grade protein. This could be a great and efficient way to help famine stricken areas. In addition, Scientists are also looking into naturally occurring oil-devouring micro-organisms which can help in developing new methods to reduce pollution. Natural occurring and environmentally friendly “Wetting agents” or biosurfactant’s produced by bacteria, yeasts or fungi, are potential solutions to damage from pollutants. Synthetic Biologists may be able to isolate the constituent of biosurfactants produced from a microbe and design them to clean up precise locations of a spill or polluted area.</p><br />
<p>Another relevant example is the use of synthetic bio-films to be used as environmental biosensors. These could be beneficial for sensing nutrient quality or areas of environmental degradation in the soil. </p><br />
<p>The presentation ended with a quote from Alistair Elfick of the University of Edinburgh:</p><br />
<p>“It is envisaged that synthetic biology may be able to contribute to resolving many of the challenges facing us in the 21st Century. The potential applications are immense. We can make devices to produce fuel or animal food from our waste; we can make devices to soak up carbon from the atmosphere and lock it away; we can make devices to synthesise plastics without the need to use oil; we can make devices to sense pollutants; we can make devices to create new drugs. Indeed, synthetic biology holds huge potential to impact positively on our daily lives.” (source: http://www.synbiostandards.co.uk/about_synbio.php) </p><br />
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<p>The second part of the presentation was handed over to the St Andrews team who outlined and discussed the negative aspects and limitations of synthetic biology.<br />
St Andrews began by discussing the role of bioterrorism within synthetic biology. Explaining that since the open source approach used in Synthetic Biology can be used by anyone, it is possible to create a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. The example used here was the assembly of Polio from mail order oligonucleotides. Other potential harmful effects include any organism that escapes the lab into the environment. The consequences of this are potentially dangerous. The bacteria could either colonize people causing harmful effects or even be lethal. In addition, the bacteria could potentially out compete other natural flora. This danger stresses the need for scientists to test their synthetic bacteria in the open environment. For example, the arsenic sensor that was produced by an iGEM team needs to be used in an open environment in order to fulfill its use. There is a possibility here that the bacteria becomes endemic in the environment during the test, causing lethal or severe damage to animals, plants or humans before one could destroy the bacteria. The St Andrews team then proceeded to discuss the ethical duty and responsibility of GEMs. Questions such as who defines what life is, and whether scientists alone should define life, were discussed by St Andrews. The controversial concept of scientist playing god through synthetic biology was discussed, emphasizing the issue that scientist might end up modifying biological systems before they properly understand them. Dual-use dilemma was discussed in which the nuclear fission experiments in 20th Century was used as an example. </p><br />
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<p>St Andrews used the last part of their presentation to explain that though these issues are pressing there are many ways that they can be prevented. It is foremost, for scientist worldwide to be primarily concerned with the protection of the public. In actual fact Bioterrorism is realistically not a big threat because there are large amounts of resources required to synthesize and produce a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. In addition, the risk of colonization of synthetic bacteria is also very small, as they would most likely be out competed by their naturally occurring counterparts in an open environment. Using the kill switch (which the St Andrews iGEM team 2011 has built) as an example, cell level safeguards, along with laboratory protocols and transportation procedures can be tailored to substantially eliminate any big threat in Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Response</h3><br />
<p>A lot of interesting questions were raised after the presentations. Among them where issues on patenting, and someone had read an inaccurate representation of a scientific discovery/breakthrough in the press. The Dundee team emphasized the danger of incorrect coverage of science in the media. There was a suggestion that Synthetic Biology could have a fact check website, like politics have, where journalists could evaluate the credibility of media’s coverage on a topic.</p><br />
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<p><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:St_Andrews/debate"><b>View Debate Information and Powerpoint Presentations Here at our Friends' wiki</b></a> </p><br />
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<h3>University of Dundee Open Day: 12th November 2011</h3><br />
<p>To conclude our human practices project the team will take part in a university wide open day in November. We will use an iGEM stand to explain the vision of synthetic biology and clarify any myths surrounding the area. A short demonstration will be used to explain our project and the potential of the Sphereactor. Using the concerns and questions that were raised during the discussion portion of the debate. The stand will be present throughout the whole of the open day providing an opportunity to speak to a large number of people with an active interest in science. The open day is more than just an opportunity to educate people about synthetic biology. We feel that it fits into our program of offering solutions rather than just philosophically wondering about the state of synthetic biology. By using university open days, we will target a group of inquisitive and interested people. We believe this will be a more effective marketing campaign than wider focus events that broadly target the community in a context were people are not specifically interested in the subject. The solution of working with an engaged public and then further using this to spread information is a valuable bridging system between the scientific community and the general public.</p> <br />
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<a name=”conclusion” id = "conclusion"><h2>Conclusion</h2></a><br />
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<p>Our main aim was to address problems in a practical manner while laying groundwork for future iGEM teams to develop on. Only by understanding and embracing these associated problems can we come up with long-term solutions. We feel that the Dundee University iGEM team has made a number of novel steps in the right direction, better defining the purpose of human practices while solidifying the its place within all aspects of synthetic biology.</p><br />
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</html></div>Rachmontaguehttp://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/HumanPracticesTeam:Dundee/HumanPractices2011-09-21T21:38:40Z<p>Rachmontague: </p>
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<h2><span>iGem 2011</span></h2><br />
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<h2>Human Practices</h2><br />
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<h3>Topics</h3><br />
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<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#lacking">1. Cooperation is Lacking: <i>collaboration and assistance for St Andrews iGEMMERS</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#safety">2. Safety Concerns.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#skills">.3. Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for iGEMMERS everywhere</i></a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#public">4. An Underengaged Public.</a></p><br />
<p><a href = "/Team:Dundee/HumanPractices#conclusion">5. Conclusion.</a></p><br />
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<h3>What is “human practices”?</h3><br />
<p>As a team we wanted to analyse and address the society’s relationship with science, and more specifically, synthetic biology. </p><br />
<p>After researching society’s views on synthetic biology we perceived four important problems that we could solve:</p><br />
<p>1. Cooperation between scientists is lacking.</p><br />
<p>2. The public does not perceive synthetic biology to be safe.</p><br />
<p>.3. The key skills required for synthetic biology can be intimidating.</p><br />
<p>4. The general public are not as engaged as they should be.</p><br />
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<a name=”lacking” id = "lacking"><h2>Cooperation is lacking: <i> collaboration with St Andrews</i></h2></a><br />
<p>We believe that cooperation and collaboration are two of the fundamental principles behind the success of synthetic biology. By always keeping these themes at the forefront of our thinking, we could allow them to permeate through our entire project whether it was working directly with another team to reach a common goal, or just making software on multiple platforms to allow more people to use it.</p><br />
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<h3>Eastern iGEM</h3><br />
<p>We were delighted to be able to work closely with the St Andrews iGEM team, who are based just across the Tay Bridge, about 12 miles from Dundee, also on the East coast of Scotland. It was really useful to meet with them and share our experiences. As described later in this section, we worked with them to put on a discussion on the pros and cons of synthetic biology’s place in society to coincide with the World Schools Debating Championships, which were held in Dundee in 2011.</p><br />
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<p>Towards the end of the project we found out that the St Andrews team were having troubles cloning their antimicrobial peptide generator part into the pSB1C3 plasmid. We were pleased to be able to help them troubleshoot their experiments and by working together we were able to successfully clone the part.</p><br />
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<p>The main problem St Andrews were having seemed to be related to the production of new plasmid backbone <i>via</i> PCR with the iGEM specified primer design and specified RFP part. We were able to overcome this problem by carrying out some of their cloning in our lab using their AMP generator and our plasmid backbone which we made by restriction digest of uncut plasmid followed by gel cleanup. While we were doing this St Andrews carried out the same cloning cycle in paralell but using backbone they had generated by PCR. This confirmed that the source of the odd behaviour shown by the St Andrews ligation reactions and by their transformants was likely due to the method of backbone production.</p><br />
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<p>Our troubleshooting experiments led to us being able to provide the St Andrews team with a plate of bacteria containing their part on the desired backbone. Further cooperation between the teams will take place over the coming weeks in order to determine why the PCR based backbone amplification procedure was not working as it should.<br />
It was really great to share our time and resources with them, and we hope there will be a good relationship between the two teams in future iGEM competitions. We wish them the best of luck for the Jamboree.</p><br />
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<h3>Software Advice for other European Teams</h3><br />
<p>Our computer scientists were able to help the TUM iGEM team by offering software advice. Having had difficulties to embed Javascript on their wiki, the TUM team tweeted for assistance. The computer scientists on the Dundee University iGEM team were very happy to help. They tweeted back giving a detailed explanation of what needed to be done. Having followed our advice they tweeted back stating that it was successful. It was interesting to interact with another iGem team we hadn’t met, following the iGEM spirit. We’re excited to meet the team in Amsterdam.</p><br />
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<h3>Submitting Our Parts</h3><br />
<p>When submitting our biobrick parts, we took care to make the parts easily accessible to teams of the future. With new research still carried out into the way the BMC is expressed, and which features are required to form a fully functioning BMC. We hope that by submitting the structural components separately we can encourage other teams to experiment further, for example with the order and composition of the operon. </p><br />
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<a name=”safety” id = "safety"><h2>Safety Concerns</h2></a><br />
<h3>SynBin</h3><br />
<p>We felt the best way to address safety concerns was to evaluate our behaviour in the laboratory, ask ourselves whether it would be acceptable to the general public, and if not, how can we make it more acceptable.</p><br />
<p>This evaluation inspired the “SynBin”, a tool to help future teams share and discuss their accidents (“Syns”). Whether it’s an embarrassing slip or a more serious “Rachelle’s set the lab on fire… again!” all incidents can be posted anonymously in the SynBin’s database. This will allow fellow synthetic biologists to learn from each other’s mistakes and adapt the way they work, creating a safer lab environment for everyone.</p> <br />
<p>By demonstrating how seriously we take health and safety, we can show the public that synthetic biology is being carried out in a safe and controlled environment. We feel that practical solutions like this are the best way forward to a more engaged and accepting public.</p><br />
<p>The SynBin is in late stages of development and we hope for it to go live in the next few weeks.</p><br />
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<a name=”skills” id = "skills"><h2>Intimidating Skills Required: <i>software tools for all</i></h2></a><br />
<h3>Software</h3><br />
<p>One of the first problems any scientist will have on joining the world of synthetic biology is gene cloning. Gene cloning is the method by which DNA molecules can be assembled <i>in vitro</i>, taken up by host cells, and then replicated with the cells as they divide. By speaking with scientists within our building, and by noting the problems we encountered while working, we realised that cloning can be quite intimidating!</p><br />
<p>Two problems we encountered, by no means all, with cloning were as follows:</p><br />
<p>• Different organisms use codons differently. </p><br />
<p>• Making PCR primers is confusing.</p><br />
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<h3>Gene Synthesiser</h3><br />
<p>Many synthetic biology projects involve the heterologous expression of foreign genes in a host such as <i>E. coli</i>/<i>S. cerevisiae</i> etc. For successful and efficient translation, the codon usage of the newly introduced gene must be optimised to match the tRNA pool of the host organism. However, if one simply picked the most common codon for each amino acid, the rate of translation would be extremely fast across the entire gene. This may lead to subtle characteristics of translation being lost. For example, it has been suggested that in certain regions of the gene, the source organism may ‘choose’ a short run of rare codons, in order to slow down translation in that region. This slowing of the emerging polypeptide from the ribosome has been suggested to facilitate the correct folding of the heterologous protein and/or allow time for the insertion of essential co-factors [19]. These regions of "slow" translation, may occur in loops between different domains of the protein. It may be therefore important for certain genes, to maintain this pattern of fast to slow translation in the target organism.</p><br />
<p>“Gene Synthesiser” is a java application that makes this possible by enabling codon usage pattern matching. The application analyses the patterns of codon usage of the gene that one wants to express, in its native organism and generates new synthetic DNA sequence, optimised for the codon usage of the new target organism, yet matching any patterns of rare to common codons. Gene Synthesiser utilises codon usage data for over 35000 organisms. <b><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:Dundee/References">[20]</a></b>.</p><br />
<p>To try the Gene Synthesiser for yourself click <a href = "http://www.dave-gibson.net/projects/genesynthesis"><b>HERE</b> </a></p><br />
<p>We also designed a number of mobile applications (Apps). With the development of smart phones, there is now a demand for simple efficient programs that can aid carrying out everyday tasks.</p><br />
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<h3>The Lazy Scientist</h3><br />
<p>The Lazy Scientist is a translation tool. The app has a number of functions including DNA to amino acid translation, back translation, reverse, complement and reverse complement. The app also contains a genetic codon lookup table allowing all corresponding codons for an amino acid to be looked up. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.<p><br />
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<h3>Gene Slicer/Gene Cutter</h3><br />
<p>The Gene Cutter (iPhone app) and The Gene Slicer (Android app) are DNA cutting tools. The apps have two functions to help restriction mapping of nucleotide sequences. The apps are able to search a sequence for a specific enzyme and can also return a list of enzymes not present in the sequence. The app is available for free in both the iPhone App Store and the Android Market.</p><br />
<p>To date there have been over <b>1200 downloads</b> from all over the world. Making apps will increase the accessibility of synthetic biology, allowing scientists to have portable tools to aid them in synthetic biology wherever they are.</p><br />
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<a name=”public” id = "public"><h2>An Unengaged Public</h2></a><br />
<h3>A Panel Discussion at the 2011 World School Debating Chapionships</h3><br />
<p>To try to engage members of the public, we collaborated with St Andrews iGEM to organise a debate/discussion to coincide with the World School Debating Dhampionships (WSDC). The WSDC is an annual global event with High School students from different cultures and backgrounds, competing and debating on current issues. The WSDC has been an annual competition since 1988 and has been hosted in exotic locations around the world such as Sydney, Lima and Singapore. This year it was held in Dundee, Scotland. In the past, the Championships have had Nelson Mandela and Tony Blair participating as patrons.</p><br />
<p>We felt that the aims and objectives of the WSDC which focus on international understanding would be a good incentive for us to introduce and encourage interest in the relatively controversial field of synthetic biology. Many of the participating WSDC students are potential leaders. The knowledge of Synthetic Biology would be advantageous to future global decisions. By being able to link politics and Synthetic Biology, political promotion of the subject can greatly be enhanced and Synthetic Biology can have a larger beneficial role.</p><br />
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<p>After having decided to collaborate with the iGEM team of St Andrews, we set up a meeting where both teams and Jon Urch, of Revealing Research Dundee, brainstormed ideas for the event. Our first plan was a panel debate, where we would first give a short introduction on synthetic biology (giving a description of synthetic biology and discussing its benefits and limitations) and then allow the students to perform a debate. After lots of discussion we chose to give a longer presentation and then have an open discussion where both the St Andrews and Dundee team form a panel where the audience could direct questions and/or discuss among themselves. In the meetings prior to the discussion, we chose to divide the presentation into two parts: the positive and the negative aspects of Synthetic Biology. The responsibility of the negative aspects was held by the St Andrews team while we prepared for the introduction and discussing the benefits of Synthetic Biology.</p><br />
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<p>On the 21st of August 2011 we held the discussion on Synthetic Biology at The Union in The University of Dundee. At the beginning of our presentation, the audience was asked if they knew anything about synthetic biology and what their opinion regarding it was. Only one person in the audience said that they were opposed to Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Arguments</h3><br />
<p>Synthetic Biology is hard to define, even scientist struggle with the definition. We thus began our presentation by showing what synthetic biology may be defined as. The following definition was used: “ (a) the design and fabrication of biological components and systems that do not already exist in the natural world (b) the re-design and fabrication of existing biological systems” (source: http://syntheticbiology.org/FAQ.html).</p><br />
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<p>Though to describe Synthetic Biology as engineering is a controversial matter, as Simon Munnery says “The engineering equivalent of genetic engineering is to get a bunch of concrete and steel, throw it into a river, and if you can walk across, call it a bridge”. We also thought we would briefly explain in our introduction, how the concept of Synthetic Biology worked; explaining how we use bacterial DNA to give a different function to yeast, and the basic concept of biobricks. We introduced what iGEM was, its goals and past projects, such as the arsenic biosensor. We proceeded to discuss the influence of media and public perception in Synthetic Biology. Breakthroughs such as the organism designed from scratch by Craig Venter has lead to a lot of worry in the general public that scientists are tampering with life. It is mostly fear and lack of understanding, which will slow down the development of useful products through Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<p>The rest of the presentation was used to explain the benefits of Synthetic Biology in more detail. Synthetic Biology is unique in it being able to design and create a product which can suit a specific need. There are many areas in which this would be useful. Synthetic Biology is applicable in renewable energy where research into bio alcohols, photosynthetic algae and hydrogen fuel is looking to solve the global dependence on fossil fuels and reducing damaging emissions. Synthetic Biology has in the past been used to create effective medicines, such recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin from bacteria. Cheaper pharmaceuticals to treat malaria are also being designed and tested by the use of Synthetic Biology. In the future synthetic biology might be able to produce personalized medicine. The use of Synthetic Biology extends even further. Agriculture and environment protection can be substantially improved. </p><br />
<p>Synthetic biologists are testing disease resistant and high yield plants. These can be complemented with environmentally friendly and safe micro-organism which can reduce water dependence and eliminate chemical fertilizers. They are using experiments that entail combining metabolic components from different organism to improve nutritional components in plants, like increased amounts of food grade protein. This could be a great and efficient way to help famine stricken areas. In addition, Scientists are also looking into naturally occurring oil-devouring micro-organisms which can help in developing new methods to reduce pollution. Natural occurring and environmentally friendly “Wetting agents” or biosurfactant’s produced by bacteria, yeasts or fungi, are potential solutions to damage from pollutants. Synthetic Biologists may be able to isolate the constituent of biosurfactants produced from a microbe and design them to clean up precise locations of a spill or polluted area.</p><br />
<p>Another relevant example is the use of synthetic bio-films to be used as environmental biosensors. These could be beneficial for sensing nutrient quality or areas of environmental degradation in the soil. </p><br />
<p>The presentation ended with a quote from Alistair Elfick of the University of Edinburgh:</p><br />
<p>“It is envisaged that synthetic biology may be able to contribute to resolving many of the challenges facing us in the 21st Century. The potential applications are immense. We can make devices to produce fuel or animal food from our waste; we can make devices to soak up carbon from the atmosphere and lock it away; we can make devices to synthesise plastics without the need to use oil; we can make devices to sense pollutants; we can make devices to create new drugs. Indeed, synthetic biology holds huge potential to impact positively on our daily lives.” (source: http://www.synbiostandards.co.uk/about_synbio.php) </p><br />
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<p>The second part of the presentation was handed over to the St Andrews team who outlined and discussed the negative aspects and limitations of synthetic biology.<br />
St Andrews began by discussing the role of bioterrorism within synthetic biology. Explaining that since the open source approach used in Synthetic Biology can be used by anyone, it is possible to create a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. The example used here was the assembly of Polio from mail order oligonucleotides. Other potential harmful effects include any organism that escapes the lab into the environment. The consequences of this are potentially dangerous. The bacteria could either colonize people causing harmful effects or even be lethal. In addition, the bacteria could potentially out compete other natural flora. This danger stresses the need for scientists to test their synthetic bacteria in the open environment. For example, the arsenic sensor that was produced by an iGEM team needs to be used in an open environment in order to fulfill its use. There is a possibility here that the bacteria becomes endemic in the environment during the test, causing lethal or severe damage to animals, plants or humans before one could destroy the bacteria. The St Andrews team then proceeded to discuss the ethical duty and responsibility of GEMs. Questions such as who defines what life is, and whether scientists alone should define life, were discussed by St Andrews. The controversial concept of scientist playing god through synthetic biology was discussed, emphasizing the issue that scientist might end up modifying biological systems before they properly understand them. Dual-use dilemma was discussed in which the nuclear fission experiments in 20th Century was used as an example. </p><br />
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<p>St Andrews used the last part of their presentation to explain that though these issues are pressing there are many ways that they can be prevented. It is foremost, for scientist worldwide to be primarily concerned with the protection of the public. In actual fact Bioterrorism is realistically not a big threat because there are large amounts of resources required to synthesize and produce a virulent strain of bacteria/virus. In addition, the risk of colonization of synthetic bacteria is also very small, as they would most likely be out competed by their naturally occurring counterparts in an open environment. Using the kill switch (which the St Andrews iGEM team 2011 has built) as an example, cell level safeguards, along with laboratory protocols and transportation procedures can be tailored to substantially eliminate any big threat in Synthetic Biology. </p><br />
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<h3>The Response</h3><br />
<p>A lot of interesting questions were raised after the presentations. Among them where issues on patenting, and someone had read an inaccurate representation of a scientific discovery/breakthrough in the press. The Dundee team emphasized the danger of incorrect coverage of science in the media. There was a suggestion that Synthetic Biology could have a fact check website, like politics have, where journalists could evaluate the credibility of media’s coverage on a topic.</p><br />
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<p><a href = "https://2011.igem.org/Team:St_Andrews/debate"><b>View Debate Information and Powerpoint Presentations Here at our Friends' wiki</b></a> </p><br />
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<h3>University of Dundee Open Day: 12th November 2011</h3><br />
<p>To conclude our human practices project the team will take part in a university wide open day in November. We will use an iGEM stand to explain the vision of synthetic biology and clarify any myths surrounding the area. A short demonstration will be used to explain our project and the potential of the Sphereactor. Using the concerns and questions that were raised during the discussion portion of the debate. The stand will be present throughout the whole of the open day providing an opportunity to speak to a large number of people with an active interest in science. The open day is more than just an opportunity to educate people about synthetic biology. We feel that it fits into our program of offering solutions rather than just philosophically wondering about the state of synthetic biology. By using university open days, we will target a group of inquisitive and interested people. We believe this will be a more effective marketing campaign than wider focus events that broadly target the community in a context were people are not specifically interested in the subject. The solution of working with an engaged public and then further using this to spread information is a valuable bridging system between the scientific community and the general public.</p> <br />
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<a name=”conclusion” id = "conclusion"><h2>Conclusion</h2></a><br />
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<p>Our main aim was to address problems in a practical manner while laying groundwork for future iGEM teams to develop on. Only by understanding and embracing these associated problems can we come up with long-term solutions. We feel that the Dundee University iGEM team has made a number of novel steps in the right direction, better defining the purpose of human practices while solidifying the its place within all aspects of synthetic biology.</p><br />
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